适宜施氮量提高温室砂田滴灌甜瓜产量品质及水氮利用率

为解决设施砂田甜瓜生产中的水肥瓶颈问题,该文通过大田试验,研究西北旱区设施砂田甜瓜传统水肥管理与滴灌施肥处理对不同生育时期甜瓜生长、产量、品质及水氮利用率的影响,从而确定甜瓜高效的灌溉方式及适宜的氮肥用量。试验设置了2个对照处理:大水漫灌不施氮肥(CK0)和大水漫灌传统施氮(CK),并在灌水量减少40%的滴灌条件下设置了4个氮肥水平:不施氮(T1)、传统施氮量N 180 kg/hm2(T2)、减氮40%即N 108 kg/hm2(T3)、增氮40%即N 252 kg/hm2(T4),共6个处理。结果表明:滴灌施肥处理较对照在甜瓜生长后期光合、植株干物质及氮素积累量等生理、生长指标均显著提高,甜瓜增产7.40%~14.35%,水、氮利用率分别提高28.81%~40.65%和22.78%~77.22%,果实品质中可溶性固形物及Vc含量也显著提高,硝酸盐含量显著降低,且滴灌可减少砂层含土量,从而延长砂田的使用年限。相同滴灌条件不同氮水平处理间,甜瓜植株干物质及氮素积累量随施氮量的增加而增加,而光合指标、产量、品质及水氮利用率则表现出先增加后降低的趋势,其中以T2和T3处理的甜瓜产量、品质和水氮利用率最高。综合分析表明,滴灌施肥是西北旱区设施砂田甜瓜栽培优质高产、高效和节水节肥的水肥管理模式,适宜的氮肥施用量为108~180 kg/hm2。     

用核磁共振研究浸种方法对水稻种子吸水量的影响

为寻求较佳浸种方法,该文应用低场核磁共振检测技术,研究了不同的浸种方式及浸种溶剂对水稻种子吸水量的影响。试验利用横向弛豫时间 T2反演谱分析了水稻种子的水分状态变化及吸水特性,发现浸种过程改变了水稻种子内部的水分分布情况,水稻种子吸水量对初始含水率差异不显著(P>0.05),但对各种浸种方法差异显著(P<0.05)。研究表明,采用连续浸种4 h、浸种3 h-晾干1 h-浸种1 h、浸种2 h-晾干1 h-浸种2 h及浸种2 h-晾干2 h-浸种2 h这4种不同的浸种方式时,浸种2 h-晾干1 h-浸种2 h的间歇浸种方式吸水率较高;采用清水、强氯精300倍液、饱和澄清石灰水、质量分数为40%福尔马林的50倍液、100倍液及200倍液6种不同的浸种溶液时,应用质量分数为40%福尔马林50倍液药剂时吸水率较高。低场核磁共振检测技术揭示了水稻种子含水量的影响因素,为浸种过程中吸水量的测定提供了一种有效的方法。     

降雨强度和坡度对土壤氮素流失的影响

采用人工模拟降雨的方法,研究了不同雨强(30,50,65,100mm/h)和坡度(0°,5°,10°)下粘质土坡面土壤氮素流失过程,以及雨强、坡度对单位面积土壤氮素流失量的影响。结果表明:(1)降雨过程中,随着雨强和坡度的增大,氮素流失的浓度和总量都会相应增加,且雨强和坡度越大,氮素流失浓度变化越快,径流浓度稳定时间越早;(2)不同雨强下坡度与单位面积土壤氮素流失量呈线性相关,且随着雨强的增大,坡度对单位面积土壤氮素流失量的影响变小;不同坡度下雨强与单位面积氮素流失量的线性关系显著,当雨强一定时,坡度的改变对氮素流失量的变化速率影响不大;(3)雨强和坡度与单位面积氮素流失量之间有显著的线性关系,相关系数达到0.978 9~0.982 0;(4)相同条件下,雨强对氮素流失量的影响比坡度大;(5)在降雨过程中,累积径流量与3种形态氮的累积流失量之间有显著的线性关系,相关系数达到0.914 5~0.961 1。     

控释氮肥与尿素掺混比例对作物中后期土壤供氮能力和稻麦产量的影响

【目的】研究控释肥与尿素掺混比例对土壤氮含量及稻麦产量和经济效益的影响,旨在筛选综合效果最佳掺混比例,为稻麦轮作区控释氮肥推广应用提供科学依据。 【方法】采用稻麦轮作两季作物大田试验,以常规尿素施肥为对照,在稻、麦季施氮量均为150 kg/hm2的水平下,设定添加控释氮肥比例0、10%、20%、40%、80%、100% 6个处理,分别记为T1、T2、T3、T4、T5和T6。除T1（100%尿素）分基施和追施,其他处理氮肥均一次性基施。分析了土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量,调查了稻麦株高与生物量、产量构成以及经济效益。 【结果】1）添加20%以上控释氮肥时稻麦生育中后期土壤无机氮含量有显著提升,以添加40%控释氮肥（T4）处理效果最明显。2）与T1相比,添加20%比例以上控释氮肥,稻麦生育中后期的生物量与成熟期产量均显著增加,以T4处理产量最高,稻、麦季分别比常规尿素处理增产11%和14%,显著提高小麦季穗长19.19%,显著提高水稻季穗粒数与千粒重13.79%和8.43%。3）随添加控释氮肥比例增加,稻麦季经济效益均先增加后下降,T4处理经济效益最佳,较常规尿素处理,小麦季增收1108.12 yuan/hm2,提高23.24%,水稻季增收2497.80 yuan/hm2,提高14.87%。 【结论】以40%控释氮肥与60%尿素掺混一次性基施,可有效增加作物中后期土壤氮素供应能力,促进稻麦生长并获得显著的增产效果,还可减少人工投入或材料成本,有效提高经济效益。     

Nutritional response of seedling tomato plants under different lighting treatments

In order to describe the effect of complementary artificial light supply on the nutrient status of tomato seedlings, fluorescent lamps were compared to each other. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) concentrations were measured (mg g^?1 dry matter). Blue, red and far-red relationships were established. The N, P and K higher concentration and uptake have been found under high efficiency fluorescent lamps. Phosphorus uptake increasing was observed at high levels of irradiation. Potassium concentration is significantly higher under compact fluorescent lamps. The relationship between ratios and N, P and K extractions were used as indicators of limitation for plant. The ratio N/P and N/K present a low relation with N extraction. The ratio N/P presents a significant correlation with P extraction, also the ratios N/K and P/K with K extraction. Significant differences in constant of lineal equation have been found in P/K ratio and K extraction.     

Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on the microstructure and ultrastructure of tomato leaves (Solanum lycopersicum)

This study aims to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on tomato leaves at the microscale in order to propose new methods to detect N and P conditions of plants. N and P solutions composed of three N levels (N0.25, 1.75; N1, 7; and N1.5, 10.5 mmol L^?1) and three P levels (P0.25, 0.17; P1, 0.67; and P1.5, 1.01 mmol L^?1) with ten replications. Results showed a significant decrease in the leaf thickness among plants treated with N0.25, N1.5N and P0.25, whereas showed an increase among plants treated with P1.5 (p < 0.05). Stomatal density was reduced in P0.25- and N0.25-treated plants, whereas increased in N1.5- and P1.5-treated plants (p < 0.05). Moreover, N0.25-treated plants showed reduced trichome density, whereas N1.5-treated plants exhibited the highestamount of trichome density (p < 0.05). The densest veins occurred in the leaves of P1.5P-treated plants, then density reduced in plants with N1.5, N1P1, N0.25, P0.25 treatments, in a decreasing order (p < 0.05).     

Losses of 15N-nitrogen by plant–soil system after herbicide application on black oat

Recent studies have demonstrated that the use of glyphosate or glufosinate-ammonium herbicides for some cover crop desiccation in conservationist systems could favor nitrogen (N) losses from the soil–plant system. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the losses of N by the plant–soil system after the desiccation of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb.) with the application of herbicides glyphosate, glufosinate-ammonium, or paraquat. Two greenhouse experiments were implemented using black oat plants fertilized with labeled (¹⁵N) ammonium nitrogen, and the N loss of the plant–soil system was quantified. The desiccation of black oat with glyphosate caused a reduction in root dry mass by approximately 60% in both experiments. The glyphosate and glufosinate-ammonium reduced the amount of N present in the aboveground portion; however, the paraquat herbicide did not modify it. None of the herbicides applied affected N losses in the black oat plant–soil system. However, 5–15% of the N applied as fertilizer was lost up to harvest. The results suggest that black oat can be used as a cover crop in direct sowing in order to avoid nitrogen losses in the soil–plant system.     

流域面源污染负荷差异性及不确定性的尺度特性分析

针对流域面源污染负荷差异性及其不确定性的尺度特性问题,于2013-2015年在釜溪河流域测定了不同尺度汇流区的面源污染负荷和污染物转化动力学参数。分别采用动态时间弯曲距离DTW(dynamic time warping distance)和信息测度度量了不同尺度汇流区面源污染的负荷差异性和不确定性。结果表明:不同的汇流区尺度上,降雨量小于临界值(40 mm)的情况下,氨氮(NH_3)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP),和高锰酸盐指数(I_(Mn))负荷均随降雨量的增加而非线性增大,降雨量超过临界值后,流域面源污染出现最大负荷。降雨量超过临界值后,由于尺度增加后下垫面对径流过程调蓄能力的增大,相比子流域尺度,流域尺度上NH3、TN、TP和I_(Mn)负荷的变异系数分别增加了69.1%、47.0%、14.2%和85.8%。枯水期和汛期面源污染负荷主要受到污染源流域分布特性和下垫面径流条件的影响,不同尺度汇流区的NH3、TN、TP和I_(Mn)负荷在枯水期的差异性均显著小于汛期的差异性,子流域之间、以及子流域与流域之间4种污染负荷的差异性平均增大了3.18倍和2.44倍。相比子流域尺度,在流域尺度上单位面积流量、TN、TP和I_(Mn)负荷基质熵分别减小了4.8%、9.3%、31.9%和10.7%,而NH3增加了15.3%;有效测定复杂度分别增加了4.6%、15.4%、17.4%、49.5%和19.8%。不同尺度汇流区的面源污染负荷过程与流量过程不具有完全同步性。随着汇流区尺度的增大,面源污染负荷不确定性减小;有效测量复杂度随尺度增大表明在更大的尺度上对于面源污染负荷有效预测的参数数量显著增加;涨落复杂度和平均信息增量关系表明随着尺度的增加,面源污染负荷对降雨量的敏感性降低,而对下垫面条件的敏感性增加。不同尺度条件下,面源污染对降雨和下垫面的敏感性变化规律、以及面源污染负荷变异性机理等方面的研究将有助于提升分布式水文及面源污染模型理论。     

Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria and N Source on Plant Growth and N and P Uptake by Tomato Grown on Calcareous Soils

Introducing specific microorganisms into the soil ecological system is an important strategy for improving nutrient use efficiency. Two pot experiments were conducted in the greenhouse from December 3, 2012 to January 25, 2013 (Experiment 1) and March 11 to April 23, 2013 (Experiment 2) to evaluate the effect of nitrogen (N) source and inoculation with plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) on plant growth and N and phosphorus (P) uptake in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown on calcareous soils from South Florida, USA. Treatments included urea, controlled release urea (a controlled release fertilizer, CRF) each at low and high N rates and with or without inoculation of PGPR. A mixture of PGPR strains Bacillus amyloliquefaciens IN937a and Bacillus pumilus T4 was applied to the soil during growing periods of tomato. Treatments with PGPR inoculation increased plant height compared to treatments without PGPR in both experiments. Inoculation with PGPR increased shoot dry weight and shoot N uptake for the same N rate and N source. In both experiments, only at high N rate, CRF and urea treatments with PGPR had significantly (P < 0.05) greater shoot biomass than those without PGPR. Only at high N rate, CRF treatment with PGPR significantly increased shoot N uptake by 39.0% and 10.3% compared to that without PGPR in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Meanwhile, presence of PGPR in the soil increased shoot P uptake for all treatments in Experiment 1 and for most treatments in Experiment 2. In Experiment 1, only at low N rate, CRF treatment with PGPR significantly increased shoot P uptake compared with that without PGPR. In Experiment 2, a significant increase in shoot P uptake by inoculation of PGPR was only observed in CRF treatment at high N rate. Results from this study indicate that inoculation with PGPR may increase plant growth and N and P uptake by tomato grown on calcareous soils. However, the effect of PGPR varied and was influenced by many factors such as N source, N rate, and soil fertility. Further investigations are warranted to confirm the effect of PGPR under different soil conditions.     

菌根化育苗对玉米生长和养分吸收的影响

【目的】丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染作物根系形成菌根共生体系对于作物吸收磷具有重要作用,但该结果大多来源于室内受控试验,有限的田间试验因环境条件、试验材料与接种技术等差异致使AMF菌剂应用效果不一。本研究通过玉米菌根化育苗和田间移栽,分析了接种AMF对玉米生长、养分吸收、籽粒产量及养分含量的影响,以期推进菌根技术的实际生产应用。【方法】以自交品系玉米B73为供试作物,于2018年5月至10月在北京市延庆区进行了田间试验。田间小区设置基施磷(+P)和不施磷(–P)处理。供试AMF为Rhizophagus irregularis Schenck&Smith BGC AH01。玉米种子催芽后,分别播入加入AMF菌剂(+M)和菌剂过滤液(–M)的育苗钵内,培养两周后移栽至田间。玉米在田间条件下生长至拔节期时,使用便携式光合仪测定叶片光合速率与气孔导度,取样测定地上部与根部干重和养分元素含量,同时测定菌根侵染率;在玉米完熟期取样,测定籽粒百粒重、籽粒产量及养分含量。【结果】无论田间施磷与否,接菌植株根系的菌根侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于不接菌植株。不施磷情况下,+M处理显著提高了玉米根系干重,玉米生长的菌根依赖性(163.7%)显著高于施磷情形(124.1%)。–P–M处理玉米叶片的光合速率和气孔导度显著低于其他3个处理。–P+M处理玉米叶片的光合参数、玉米地上部和根部磷含量与+P+M均无显著差异。与–P–M处理相比,–P+M显著提高了玉米籽粒产量和百粒重,同时也提高了籽粒中锌、锰、镁等矿质养分的含量,且与+P+M处理相比均无显著差异。【结论】玉米幼苗接种AMF后再移栽到田间,可以显著提高拔节期玉米根系的菌根侵染率,促进玉米地上部和根部对磷及锌、锰和镁的吸收,进而促进玉米的生长,提高籽粒产量和养分含量。本试验条件下,菌根化育苗可以达到与施磷同样的效果,在保障作物不减产的前提下减少磷肥施用量。