蒸汽爆破技术在玉米秸秆饲料化利用中的研究进展

玉米秸秆是作物残余物中最丰富的木质纤维素生物质之一,主要由纤维素、半纤维素和木质素通过氢键及其他化学键、分子键结合而成,是具有复杂聚合结构的高分子化合物,作为动物饲料的可利用率较低。蒸汽爆破即汽爆,是应用蒸汽弹射原理实现爆炸过程中对生物质预处理的技术。将蒸汽爆破技术应用于玉米秸秆处理,可高效分离纤维素,对玉米秸秆具有明显的解聚作用,有利于提高玉米秸秆的饲料化利用程度。作者介绍了蒸汽爆破工艺原理与参数,综述了蒸汽爆破处理对玉米秸秆纤维结构、化学成分和酶解产糖的影响,以及对玉米秸秆的营养成分消化率和瘤胃微生物附着的影响。已有研究表明,蒸汽爆破可使蒸汽分子渗入植物组织,经过瞬时释放将内能转化为机械能,作用于生物质组织细胞层间,达到原料分解的目的;蒸汽爆破可改变玉米秸秆的纤维结构,降低半纤维素和木质素含量,提高纤维素含量(随着蒸汽爆破的压强和维压时间的增加,半纤维素含量显著降低,而物料含水率的增加会导致纤维素含量升高);蒸汽爆破可提高玉米秸秆体外发酵酶解产糖率,随着蒸汽爆破压强和维压时间的增加,玉米秸秆体外培养酶解还原糖产量增加;蒸汽爆破可使玉米秸秆的体外发酵产气量、产气速率、干物质和酸性洗涤纤维含量显著提高,可提高反刍动物对玉米秸秆的消化利用率,充分利用玉米秸秆的纤维素,提高玉米秸秆的营养价值;蒸汽爆破通过破坏玉米秸秆的表面结构,可促进瘤胃微生物在玉米秸秆上的附着,从而促进玉米秸秆的降解。综上,蒸汽爆破技术处理玉米秸秆可提高其作为饲料的利用率。     

水钾耦合对苜蓿根颈抗氧化特性及越冬率的影响

为探究不同水钾耦合处理对科尔沁沙地生境下种植苜蓿(Medicago sativa)抗寒生理特性的影响,以'骑士T'和'公农1号'苜蓿品种为试验材料,采用两因素裂区随机区组设计,水分处理为主区:灌水时间间隔分别为4d,8d和12 d(用W1,W2,W3表示);钾肥施用量水平为副区,具体施用量分别为50 kg·hm-2 K...     

Carrier rate of the c.235G>C mutation in the bovine isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IARS) gene of Japanese Black cows at Kagoshima prefecture, Japan,and analysis of the metabolic profiling and reproductive performance of heterozygous cows

Bovine isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase (IARS) disorder, a major cause of weak calf syndrome, is caused by a homozygous missense (c.235G>C) mutation in the bovine IARS gene of Japanese Black (JB) cattle, which was identified in 2013. However, the extent to which the carrier rate has changed at Kagoshima prefecture, Japan, and whether the carrier status is associated with any clinical or reproductive problems, have yet to be ascertained. In this study, using a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based genotyping assay, we determined the carrier rate in a regional JB cow population at Kagoshima prefecture. Comparative analyses were performed on the metabolic profile test (MPT) results and reproductive performance data obtained for heterozygous carrier and homozygous wild-type cows. In 2009 and 2018, DNA samples were collected from 130 and 462 clinically healthy JB cows, respectively, in Kagoshima prefecture. MPT results and reproductive performance data were evaluated for 62 cows, comprising four heterozygous carriers and 58 wild-type cows. Genotyping revealed that the carrier rate was 6.9% in 2009 and 1.5% in 2018, the difference of which was statistically significant (P<0.005). There were no statistically significant differences between the carrier and wild-type cows with respect to either MPT results or reproductive performance, indicating that the carrier cows have necessary IARS activity to maintain minimal health and reproductive potential.     

中国三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量

为给内蒙古高原区、黄土高原区和西北荒漠绿洲区紫花苜蓿测土施肥奠定科学基础,采用零散实验数据整合法以及养分平衡-地力差减法,开展了三大自然区域紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾丰缺指标和推荐施钾量研究.结果表明,内蒙古高原区紫花苜蓿土壤速效钾第1～4级指标依次为≥342mg/kg、89～342mg/kg、24～89mg/kg和<24mg...     

应用智能监控系统改善大型牧场奶牛繁殖性能的探讨

本试验旨在探讨应用智能监控系统对荷斯坦泌乳牛发情揭发率和受胎率的改善情况.试验选用澳亚集团东营神州澳亚四场的2 237头泌乳天数为40～200d的各胎次荷斯坦泌乳牛,随机分为2组,未佩带项圈的806头为对照组,另一组佩带有项圈的1 431头为试验组.对照组依靠尾根涂蜡笔进行发情揭发,试验组依靠智能监控系统进行发情揭发,...     

兽用吡喹酮-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸缓释植入棒含量测定及释放度考察

建立了吡喹酮-聚乳酸-羟基乙酸（吡喹酮-PLGA）缓释植入棒含量测定的HPLC法,并对其释放度进行了考察。以甲醇-水（100：40,V／V）为流动相,采用GraceC18反相色谱柱（4．6mm250mm,5μm）,流速1．0mL／min,紫外检测波长263nm,在此试验条件下,吡喹酮在10—200μg／mL范围内与峰面积线性关系良好,r=0．9999;平均回收率为99．48％,RSD为0．53％（n=9）。三批样品的含量分别为98．96％、98．67％和98．81％,该方法简单、快捷、辅料无干扰、准确度高,适于吡喹酮-PLGA植入棒的含量测定。吡喹酮-PLGA植入棒以骨架溶蚀释放机制缓慢释放,释药期可达三周,释放度高于300μg／d。     

干旱对甜菜叶丛期光系统Ⅱ及光合作用的影响

为探索甜菜(Beta vulgaris)叶丛期叶片光合机构和功能对干旱胁迫的响应机制,以抗旱性相对不同的品种“XJT9907”(旱敏感型)和“XJT9916”(耐旱型)为材料,在甜菜叶丛期控水为45%～50%田间持水量持续7 d时,利用植物效率分析仪(Handy-PEA)测定各处理叶片的叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学曲线(OJIP曲线),同时通过JIP-test数据分析方法,获得有关光系统Ⅱ (PSⅡ)标准化数据、比活性参数、性能指数、总性能指数和能量分配比率。结果表明：1)干旱胁迫增加了XJT9907和XJT9916叶片可变荧光强度,降低叶片电子传递效率(ΨEO, φEO, φRO);2)降低单位面积光能的吸收、捕获、耗散和传递(ABS/CSO, DIO/CSO, ETO/CSO, REO/CSO),其中对耐旱型品种XJT9916的影响较小;3)降低了PSⅡ单元之间的能量连通性和光系统之间的电子传递能力;4) PSⅡ放氧复合体(OEC)失活和PSⅡ受体侧与供体侧电子之间的不平衡;5) XJT9907和XJT9916叶片净光合速率分别降低32.2 %和10.3 %;6) 耐旱型品种XJT9916通过较强的能量耗散(DIO/CSO, DIO/RC)防止了能量被过度激发,致使叶片的净光合速率降低幅度低于旱敏感型XJT9907。XJT9907和XJT9916甜菜叶丛期土壤含水量为45%～50%田间持水量时,叶片光合系统光化学活性降低,电子传递反应和Calvin-Benson循环之间平衡失调,光合机构稳定性和光能利用效率降低,导致叶片光抑制,从而降低了叶片的光合能力。由此可知,干旱胁迫下甜菜光合能力的降低与PSⅡ功能下调有关,与Fv/Fm相比,性能指数PItotal可作为筛选抗旱基因型品种的敏感性指标。     

施用有机肥对当归药材性状、产量及抗病性的影响

为了探寻有机肥对当归成药栽培的影响,采用黑膜覆盖栽培,基施纯有机肥(O,2000 kg·hm-2)、纯化肥(C,磷酸二铵,420 kg·hm-2)、减半量化肥增施有机肥[1/2(O+C)],以不施肥为对照(CK),栽培期测定早期抽薹率、发病率、药材产量和性状指标.结果表明,纯有机肥栽培当归早期抽薹率为8.0％,分别较C...     

Retrospective Evaluation of the Effect of Heart Rate on Survival in Dogs with Atrial Fibrillation

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) usually is associated with a rapid ventricular rate. The optimal heart rate (HR) during AF is unknown.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Heart rate affects survival in dogs with chronic AF.

Animals

Forty‐six dogs with AF and 24‐hour ambulatory recordings were evaluated.

Methods

Retrospective study. Holter‐derived HR variables were analyzed as follows: mean HR (meanHR, 24‐hour average), minimum HR (minHR, 1‐minute average), maximum HR (maxHR, 1‐minute average). Survival times were recorded from the time of presumed adequate rate control. The primary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. Cox proportional hazards analysis identified variables independently associated with survival; Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis estimated the median survival time of dogs with meanHR <125 bpm versus ≥125 bpm.

Results

All 46 dogs had structural heart disease; 31 of 46 had congestive heart failure (CHF), 44 of 46 received antiarrhythmic drugs. Of 15 dogs with cardiac death, 14 had CHF. Median time to all‐cause death was 524 days (Interquartile range (IQR), 76–1,037 days). MeanHR was 125 bpm (range, 62–203 bpm), minHR was 82 bpm (range, 37–163 bpm), maxHR was 217 bpm (range, 126–307 bpm). These were significantly correlated with all‐cause and cardiac‐related mortality. For every 10 bpm increase in meanHR, the risk of all‐cause mortality increased by 35% (hazard ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.17–1.55; P < 0.001). Median survival time of dogs with meanHR<125 bpm (n = 23) was significantly longer (1,037 days; range, 524‐open) than meanHR ≥125 bpm (n = 23; 105 days; range, 67–267 days; P = 0.0012). Mean HR was independently associated with all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality (P < 0.003).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Holter‐derived meanHR affects survival in dogs with AF. Dogs with meanHR <125 bpm lived longer than those with meanHR ≥ 125 bpm.     

杂交狗牙根诱变后代综合评价

辐射育种是一种获得优良品种的快速有效的植物育种方法。本试验采用9000和11300 rads的⁶⁰Co-γ射线,对8份杂交狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon×C.transvaalensis)的匍匐茎和根状茎进行辐射诱变,从坪用价值、抗寒性和生长速度3个方面对亲本及21个后代进行综合分析与评价,以选育出坪用价值高、生长速度快且抗寒性强的优良狗牙根新种质。结果显示:诱变使狗牙根的坪用性状发生了丰富的不定向的变异,同一亲本通过诱变既可以产生良性变异,也可以产生劣性变异;综合评价结果选育出坪用价值优良的诱变后代3份,分别为C75104M2-1/1,C75502M1和C75103M1-1,其抗寒性半致死温度分别为-0.51,-3.54和-3.67℃,其中C75502M1为坪用价值高且生长速度快的优良诱变后代。