Plant Types and Gibberellin Responses of Chinese Dwarf-barley Genetic Resources

Plant types and gibberellin responses were investigated in 20 Chinese dwarf and two tall check-barley varieties Wide genetic variation was observed in plant height, ranging from 23.1 to 69.2 cm. Compared with the controls, no relationship was found between plant height and internode number, but a relationship was established between plant height and internode length. The ratio of the length to the diameter of each internode decreased greatly in most of the dwarfs. Three dwarf groups, three internode patterns and four leaf forms were differentiated in Chinese dwarf barleys based on the main culm height, successive internode lengths, and top three leaf widths and lengths. Most showed sensitivity to GA₃.     

基于物联网技术的辽宁种质库信息平台设计与实现

针对目前国内种质资源信息化平台集成度差的弱点,根据物联网的技术规范,结合种质库的工作需要,设计了高度集成的辽宁种质库物联网信息平台。     

干白葡萄酒增香酿造工艺参数优化

试验以一种酿酒葡萄为原料,利用顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME/GC-MS)检测了不同可同化氮含量(200、300、400 mg/L)、酵母多糖(150、250、350 mg/L)、发酵温度(14、18、22℃)、初始pH值(3.3、3.5、3.7)和SO2添加量(40、70、100 mg/L)处理发酵酒样中的挥发性香气化合物,探讨了复合酿造因子对贵人香干白葡萄酒主要香气物质含量的影响关系。结果表明,300 mg/L的可同化氮有利于高级醇、酯类、单萜化合物的积累;酵母多糖添加量为250 mg/L时,单萜化合物质量分数达到最大值(198.54μg/L);发酵温度从14℃升高到22℃时,高级醇含量显著升高,酯类和单萜含量显著降低;提高葡萄汁初始pH有利于单萜化合物的积累,不利于高级醇、酯类的生成;添加70 mg/L的SO2时,单萜化合物质量分数最高(181.73μg/L)。正交试验极差分析表明,发酵温度和SO2添加量对高级醇含量影响较大;发酵温度与可同化氮对酯类香气物质含量的影响较大,酵母多糖和pH值对单萜类香气物质含量影响较大。各处理组间的聚类分析可知,可同化氮和酵母多糖对主要香气化合物的影响关联度较高、葡萄汁初始pH值和SO2添加量关联度较高。较低的发酵温度有利于酒样中香叶醇、异戊醇、苯乙醇、辛酸乙酯的生成,添加中等浓度的可同化氮和酵母多糖可促进乙酸异戊酯、乙酸己酯和己酸乙酯的合成,较高的初始pH值有利于芳樟醇、香茅醇和香叶醇的积累。综合分析,发酵温度18℃、初始pH值3.5、70 mg/L SO2、300 mg/L可同化氮、250 mg/L酵母多糖酿造贵人香干白葡萄酒,可有效促进酒样中主要香气化合物的合成释放。     

Sampling variation in genetic resources of seed crops: a review

Summary The first explorations for the collection of genetic resources of crop plants took place in areas designated as centers of origin. Later, important characters were found to be present in areas other than those indicated by Vavilov. Hence collection missions were extended to cover other areas in addition to the centers of diversity with different ecogeography and agromorphological features. Collecting activities were aimed not only at providing germplasm for immediate use in breeding but also at conserving genetic variation for future contingencies. The analysis of the collected material has revealed the complex nature, amount and distribution of genetic variation present in natural populations as well as in landraces, old varieties and primitive forms. The study of variation for characters from different regions indicated that it is possible to select certain characters for detecting variability in the populations and establishing the minimum number of genotypes to be sampled. A minimum number of 20–130 plants per sample, depending on the crop, is recommended in order to capture 95% of the total variation in the field. However, it has been emphasized that the number of different populations sampled rather than the sample size per population determines the overall efficiency of a collection. The findings reported allow better utilization of the collected material and formulation of optimal and cost-effective sampling strategies for the future.     

调制方法对多花黑麦草干燥特性及干草质量的影响

研究6种调制方法对多花黑麦草干燥特性及干草质量的研究,结果表明：（1）与自然晒干相比,烘干、压扁茎秆、压扁茎秆＋喷碳酸钾3种调制方法可显著缩短多花黑麦草干燥所需时间,提高多花黑麦草干草质量,而喷碳酸钾溶液和风干处理在缩短多花黑麦草干燥时间及提高其干草质量上效果不显著;（2）灰色关联综合评价结果表明,与自然晒干相比,烘干...     

水稻化感种质筛选的初步研究

采用砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法对300份水稻品种进行了化感作用初筛，初步发现12份品种分别对稗草或莴苣的幼根、幼苗的生长具有明显的抑制作用，约占总数的4％，主要来源于外国粳稻、籼稻及广西地方晚籼品种；一般情况下，化感物质对稗草幼苗的抑制作用明显强于其对幼根的抑制作用，而对莴苣幼苗的抑制作用则明显弱于其对幼根的抑制作用；对莴苣的化感作用强于对稗草的化感作用，所以初筛时以莴苣为检测植物可提高效率；砂培法和蒸馏水浸提法具有能快速大量测定化感种质的优点，可作为初筛的主要方法，但均需改进，以提高准确性。     

Variation in the seed and oil yields and oil quality in the Indian germplasm of opium poppy Papaver somniferum

The variation in the seed shape, colour and yield, and content, yield and fatty acid composition of seed oil of 109 accessions of opium poppy Papaver somniferum, (majority of them Indian land races), was investigated. The seeds were white, pale yellow or light brown in colour, reniform or round in shape and varied in size up to three fold. The oil content, seed and the oil yield varied between 26 to 52%, 1.0 to 7.4 g/plant and 0.4 to 2.7 g/plant, respectively. The % content of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid in the seed oil ranged between 9.3 to 40.0%, 7.5 to 58.4% and 0.7 to 72.7%, respectively. On average basis, the levels of major fatty acids in the seed oil were: oleic (37.1%) > palmitic (27.3%) > linoleic acid (17.2%). The palmitoleic, stearic and linolenic acids were present in the oils of only some of the accessions. Two of the accessions yielded linoleic acid rich seed oil of about the same quality as soybean and maize oils, and in four accessions, the proportion of palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids was roughly equal. The palmitic acid was relatively less and linoleic acid more in the seed oil from accessions rich in oil content. The oil that contained higher amount of oleic acid also contained higher amount of palmitic acid and relatively lower amount of linoleic acid. The correlation analyses revealed a strong positive relationship between seed yield and oil yield (r = +0.81), oil yield and oil content (r = +0.54) and oleic acid and palmitic acid content in the seed oil (r = +0.49), and a weak positive relationship between oil content and linoleic acid content of oil (r = +0.24), and a negative correlation was observed between oil content and palmitic acid content (r = –0.32), palmitic acid and linoleic acid (r = –0.55) and oleic acid and linoleic acid contents of oil (r = –0.68). The observations have permitted selection of accessions that are high seed and oil yielding and/or rich in linoleic, palmitic and oleic acids or containing palmitic, oleic and linoleic acids in about equal amounts.     

Marker-assisted sampling of the cultivated Andean potato Solanum phureja collection using RAPD markers

The potato crop originated in the Andean highlands where numerous farmer's varieties and non-cultivated wild species exist. An Andean potato collection is held in trust at the International Potato Center (CIP) to preserve the biodiversity of this crop and ensure the supply of germplasm for potato improvement worldwide. A core collection representing the biodiversity of the Andean potato germplasm is under construction using morphological, molecular, and geographic data. One of the eight cultivated potato species, Solanum phureja, has been genotyped using the RAPD technique. A protocol suitable for large germplasm collection genotyping has been developed to process numerous samples at reasonable costs. From 106 RAPD primers evaluated, we have selected 12 primers yielding 102 polymorphic markers, which unambiguously discriminated all 128 accessions but 2 that are possible duplicates. The S. phureja germplasm collected throughout the Andean countries appears to have a homogeneous genetic constitution. There was no clear geographic pattern as indicated by cluster analysis of the RAPD data. A sub-group of 20 accessions has been identified on the basis of the marker data and selected to maximize molecular (RAPD) variance and polymorphism. The probability of capturing equal amounts of marker polymorphism in this sub-group of 20 accessions by random sampling is less than 40%. This set accessions represents our first group of accessions that may constitute a core of the S. phureja collection. This tentative core will be challenged for diversity content by alternate markers and agronomic traits. Hence, the methodology for sampling less than 10% of the base collection, proposed for core collections by Brown (1989), can be based on molecular marker data provided cost-efficient fingerprints are developed.     

Genetic variation in radish (Raphanus sativus L.) germplasm from Pakistan using morphological traits and RAPDs

Genetic diversity of 30 radish (Raphanus sativus L.) accessions was investigated at the phenotypic level with morphological characters and at the DNA level using the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. Thirty-six morpho-physiological traits were recorded from seedling stage to harvest. The 31 primers used generated 202 RAPD bands, of which 158 (78.2%) were polymorphic. Multivariate procedures were used to classify the germplasm on the basis of phenotypic traits and RAPD fragments. Dendrograms were generated for the Euclidean distance from the morphological data and the Nei's genetic distance from the RAPD markers. Phenotypically, all the accessions were classified into four major groups corresponding to the different forms of cultivated radish. The morphological diversity existing within each of these groups suggested that they should be discriminated into the three botanical convarieties, sativusT (large-rooted), caudatus (pod-type) and oleifer (oilseed-type). Clustering of the accessions did not show any pattern of association between the morphological characters and the collection sites. Instead, landrace groups were associated with their morphological similarities and horticultural uses. On the other hand, the intra-specific genetic relationships of several accessions based on RAPD analysis were related primarily to their collection sites rather than to their phenotypic affinities. The level of polymorphism exhibited by the various convarieties could be exploited in genetic mapping populations to tag economically important traits. These genotypes also could serve as a useful germplasm source for root, leaf, pod and seed. This preliminary study of traditional radish landraces from Pakistan provides useful information regarding their horticultural potential.     

Core subsets of base collections and priorities of national programmes: Indian perspective

Summary The establishment of representative core collections and back-up reserve collections was proposed to facilitate effective management and to promote utilization of large base collections. The priorities of the developing national PGR programmes, in the organization of components of their base collections, are different from those of IARCs since the strengths as well as limitations of the two systems vary. Unlike most IARCs, national programmes have the option of networking their active collections, maintained at several eco-sites, and linking this network to the base collection kept under long-term storage. This keeps open the option to develop situation-specific subsets for an effective germplasm utilization. There is a pressing need for a scientific re-examination of the concept of germplasm core in order better to apply it in developing core subsets in the national PGR programmes. The formulation of situation-specific subsets is advocated, as the system would be directed to users' requirements or addressed to gene bank managers' resource constraints. Arguments given in favour of developing core subsets, rather than a single core are: (i) logical; (ii) population genetic; and (iii) germplasm usage considerations. The Indian PGR programme and the emerging core context are briefly discussed, along with features of a programme designed to develop such core subsets.Abbreviations IARCs = International Agriculture Research Centers - NBPGR = National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources - NAGS = National Active Germplasm Collection Site - NGSNs = National Germplasm Screening Nurseries - GACs = Germplasm Advisory Committees