利用小穗培养克服小麦与玉米杂种的幼胚败育

本研究的结果表明,小穗培养是克服小麦与玉米杂种幼胚败育的一个有效手段。让小麦与玉米的杂交穗在植株上生长14～16天时,获得杂种幼胚的频率仅为0.2％,而在授粉后2天采用小穗培养,则使获得杂种幼胚的频率提高到4.2％,获得杂种幼胚的效率提高21倍。     

陆地棉与三裂棉、斯特提棉和A111种间杂种F1的形态与细胞学

本文研究了TM-1×三裂棉、江苏棉1号×斯特提棉、泗棉2号×Alll 3个种间杂种F_1的主要形态特征及花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体行为。3个种间杂种F_1的花器官性状大多趋向于父本野生棉,如花冠颜色、花心等;营养器官大多趋向于中间型,如叶色、叶形等。杂种F_1均表现高度不育。减数分裂中期Ⅰ的染色体构型依次为:13.73Ⅰ 12.52Ⅱ 0.03Ⅲ 0.04Ⅳ,28.03Ⅰ 5.38Ⅱ 0.07Ⅲ和33.26Ⅰ 2.87Ⅱ;其染色体组亲和性指数分别为0.9715、0.4192和0.2208。这一结果表明:(1)陆地棉与三裂棉的亲缘关系较近,与斯特提棉的亲缘关系较远,与Alll的亲缘关系更远;(2)泅棉2号×Alll的F_1染色体数为2n=3x=39,其染色体数x=13与棉属相同,其次因Alll原产于澳大利亚,形态上与纳尔逊氏棉、澳洲棉比较接近,因此推测它可能属于棉属的C染色体组种。     

稻属间杂种花粉植株的细胞遗传学研究

以栽培稻０２４２８与紧穗野生稻间不育Ｆ１杂种（２ｎ＝２４，ＡＣ）为材料进行花约培养，共接种花约３２６８８个，获得再生绿苗１３株及白化苗两株，愈伤诱导率与分化率分别为０．１４％和３４．７８％。有９朱花粉绿苗长至成熟，均表现长芒、紫柱头、强感光及易落粒等野生亲本的特性。细胞学结果进一步表明，其中４株为二倍体（２ｎ＝２４），形态上琚的Ｆ１杂种相似，花粉母细胞中期Ⅰ亦只能见到少数二价体；另５株则为四倍体（     

The frequency of natural cross-fertilisation in sequential sowings of winter barley

Summary Estimations of random mating frequency were computed for a series of sequential autumn sowings of populations of winter barley. The estimations were by means of the maximum likelihood scoring method and three varieties, each carrying a recessive genetic marker, provided three independent estimations for each population. High levels of out-crossing were found in sowings made early in September, and a trend towards absence of out-crossing in populations sown in late November was evident. Although fluctuations in this trend could be accounted for by fluctuations in meteorological factors, a more profound underlying effect was evident in that the three marker varieties behaved similarly, though to different degrees. It is postulated that the principle effect of sowing date, as it affects out-crossing, is upon the development of the flowering apex, and that environmental conditions at flowering time merely modify flowering behaviour.     

关于甘薯属甘薯组中 A 群和 B 群之间可交配性的研究

用对甘薯组 A 群的种 I.tiliacea 和 I.gracilis 与 B 群的种 I.trifida 和 I.littoralis 杂交观察授粉后的胚胎发生的情况,发现授粉后7小时,花粉粒均能在柱头上发芽,花粉管也能通过花柱到达胚珠。在授粉后两天的子房内,可看到已受精、正受精、未受精等受精过程的各个阶段。此时以 B 群 K_(233-1)为母本的卵细胞受精率可达80%     

栽野稻远缘杂交高光效后代及其亲本叶片的气孔特性

为分析远缘杂交后代材料的高光效生理基础, 测定了从热带地区筛选出的杂交高光效后代材料SHP1(F2)、 SHP1-1-6(F3)、 SHP1-2-8(F3)及其亲本Azucena(O.sativa)与普通野生稻(O.rufipogon), 以及3个对照品种(O.sativa)的光合速率和气孔特性, 分析了光合速率与气孔导度和气孔结构的关系. 结果表明3个高光效后代材料的光合速率和气     

Introgression of in vitro regeneration capability of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Mill. into recalcitrant tomato cultivars

The goal of this research was to study the introgression of the high regeneration capacity of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium Mill line WV-700, in recalcitrant tomato cultivars (L. esculentum Mill cvs. Petomech, Santa Rita and VFN-8) using backcrossing. Hypocotyl explants of in vitro germinated seeds were cultivated in half strength MS medium supplemented with 5mg/l 6-BA to assess their shoot regeneration capacity. The apical shoot of the in vitro germinated seeds were cultured on a separate medium. Apical shoots from genotypes showing high regeneration rates were acclimated in a glasshouse and used as pollen donors for the next backcrossing. After four backcrossings, the material showed a similar mean fruit weight for the cultivated tomato and a high regeneration capacity similar to the wild species. It is shown that L. pimpinellifolium can be used with success as donor parent to introgress in vitro regeneration capacity to recalcitrant tomato cultivars. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of nonindigenous tadpoles on native tadpoles in Florida: evidence of competition

The impacts of nonindigenous species on native ecosystems can be severe, sometimes leading to the extinction of native taxa. Interspecific competition is a potential mechanism of negative impact of invasive species, but few studies have conclusively demonstrated competition between native and nonindigenous taxa. In this study I used experimental manipulations to examine the competitive effects of the larvae of two widely introduced anurans, the cane toad, Bufo marinus, and the Cuban treefrog, Osteopilus septentrionalis, on the growth and development of the larvae of two native anurans (the southern toad, Bufo terrestris, and the green treefrog, Hyla cinerea). The presence of O. septentrionalis larvae consistently impacted growth and development of native larvae, resulting in reduced growth rates and delayed metamorphosis of both native species and smaller mass at metamorphosis of B. terrestris. Hyla cinerea larvae transformed at greater body masses when reared with the rapidly transforming nonindigenous species as a result of competitive release. The negative effects of O. septentrionalis on native larvae were generally significant whether native tadpoles were exposed to O. septentrionalis alone or in combination with B. marinus. In contrast, B. marinus tadpoles did not significantly impact the growth or development of either native species. Neither nonindigenous species significantly decreased the survivorship of native larvae, although a trend toward decreased survivorship was evident for H. cinerea. These results suggest that nonindigenous larval anurans may adversely impact native tadpole communities as a result of interspecific competition.     

Impact of introduced honey bees on native pollination interactions of the endemic Echium wildpretii (Boraginaceae) on Tenerife, Canary Islands

The aim of this study was to investigate effects of introduced honey bees (Apis mellifera) on native pollination interactions of Echium wildpretii ssp. wildpretii in the sub-alpine desert of Tenerife. We selected two study populations, one dominated by honey bees, while the other was visited by many native insects. During peak activity period of insects, nectar was nearly completely depleted in flowers of the first, but not the latter population. Thus, a high abundance of honey bees may have suppressed visitation by native animals due to exploitative competition. Honey bees stayed longer and visited more flowers on the same inflorescence than native bees, thus potentially promoting self-pollination of the plants. Level of seed set and viability was similar in the two study populations. However, we cannot rule out long-term changes in genetic population structure due to changes in gene-flow patterns caused by foraging behaviour of honey bees vs. native flower-visitors.     

Observations on interspecific compatibility and meiotic chromosome behavior of Capsicum buforum and C. lanceolatum

The wild species, Capsicum buforum Hunz. and C. lanceolatum(Greenm. ex J.D. Sm.) Morton and Standl. were hybridized to nine different Capsicum species to understand their taxonomic and genetic relationships. With C. buforum as the male parent, the compatibility to the nine species varied from species to species and ranged from producing under-developed embryo, seed coat, seedless fruit, to no fruit set. When C. buforum was the female parent, it was incompatible (no fruit set) to the nine Capsicum species tested. When C. lanceolatum was the female parent, the hybridizations to the other species ranged from aborted embryo, seed coat, seedless fruit or no fruit. As a pollen parent, C. lanceolatum was incompatible (no fruit set) to the species investigated. In pollen mother cells (PMCs) of C. buforum, 24 chromosomes (n = 12) paired as 12 bivalents with chromosome lagging at meiotic anaphase-I. Twenty-six chromosomes (n = 13) were detected in PMCs of C. lanceolatum. In C. lanceolatum most chromosomes paired as bivalents, but one quadrivalent was observed in some cells. C. buforum was found to be self-incompatible, while C. lanceolatum was self-compatible.