Genetic and environmental control of dormancy in white-grained wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.)

Grain dormancy in wheat is an important component of resistance to preharvest sprouting and hence an important trait for wheat breeders. The significant influence of environment on the dormancy phenotype makes this trait an obvious target for marker-assisted-selection. Closely related breeding lines, SUN325B and QT7475, containing a major dormancy QTL derived from AUS1408 located on chromosome 4A, but substantially different in dormancy phenotype, were compared with a non-dormant cultivar, Hartog, in a range of controlled environments. As temperature increased, dormancy at harvest-ripeness decreased particularly for QT7475. The dormancy phenotypes of reciprocal F₁ grains involving all possible combinations of Hartog, QT7475 and SUN325B were also compared in two environments with different temperatures. The results were consistent with the presence of QTL in addition to 4A in SUN325B, compared with QT7475, at least one of which was associated with the seed coat. Genetic analysis of a doubled haploid population derived from SUN325B × QT7475 identified a highly significant QTL located on chromosome 3BL, close to the expected position of the mutant allele of the red seed coat colour gene in white-grained wheat, R-B1a. When the lines in the population were grouped according to the parental alleles at marker loci flanking the 3B QTL, the dormancy phenotype frequency distribution for the SUN325B group was shifted towards greater dormancy compared with the QT7475 group. However, significant variation for dormancy phenotype remained within each group. Lines representing the extremes of the range of phenotypes within each group maintained their relative ranking across seven environments consistent with the presence of another unidentified QTL contributing to dormancy in SUN325B.     

中国南瓜和印度南瓜远缘杂交亲和性与生理生化变化的研究

通过对中国南瓜4个品种以及印度南瓜2个品种的种间杂交,观察其杂交各阶段亲和性表现。为南瓜品种的改良提供理论依据。试验从授粉过程到胚的发育进行了系统研究,结果表明,中国南瓜为母本的杂交组合与亲本自交及印度南瓜为母本的杂交组合的蛋白质含量与SOD酶、POD酶活性的变化存在明显差异。中国南瓜为母本的杂交组合与亲本自交、印度南瓜为母本的杂交组合授粉后花粉管生长差异显著。中国南瓜为母本的杂交组合与印度南瓜为母本的杂交组合在胚的育性上存在显著差异。这表明中国南瓜与印度南瓜正反交亲和力存在显著差异。     

百合杂交离体授粉研究

以麝香百合系的新铁炮(L型)和亚洲百合系的凤眼(A型)为试验材料,在离体条件下采用切割子房和花柱的方式结合培养液处理子房和花柱切面的方法,以提高杂交的成功率.结果表明,培养液在新铁炮×凤眼和凤眼×新铁炮杂交中表现为促进子房膨大和蒴果形成.且新铁炮×凤眼杂交较凤眼×新铁炮杂交效果好.杂交后获得的种子培养,用甘露醇和山梨醇代替部分蔗糖并加入1.0 mg/mL 6-BA和0.1 mg/mL NAA的培养基,种子成活率较高,为70%~90%.     

亚洲百合杂交亲和性研究

本实验用常规授粉的方法,对亚洲百合自交、系内杂交和系间杂交亲和性进行了研究,旨在为百合育种研究提供一定的依据。通过试验发现,自交试验中只有‘Mount Duckling’得到膨大的果实;系内杂交试验中共计19个杂交组合,其中13个组合得到膨大的果实,10个组合得到胚;系间杂交试验中以2个东方百合品种为父本,共计12个杂交组合,均未得到胚。通过研究还发现,正反交对结实率也有很大影响。     

普通小麦与沙生冰草、根茎冰草属间杂种的产生及其细胞遗传学研究

 通过幼胚拯救，首次获得了普通小麦与沙生冰草、根茎冰草两组合的属间杂种。在幼胚拯救时发现，无盾片的幼胚是不能产生杂种苗的。对获得的两组合杂种植株进行了壮苗和破蘖培养繁苗，使来自同一胚的杂种植株数目增加。在获得的F#-1杂种中，幼苗形态和穗型似普通小麦栽培种。在花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ，中国春×沙生冰草、根茎冰草两组合杂种F#-1的染色体配对频率远远超出了期望值。对杂种F#-1用四倍体和六倍体小麦回交，都能很容易获得种子，平均结实率都在15%以上。特别值得注意的是两组合的属间杂种均具有自交可育性，自交结实率分别为0.46%和0.15%。文章讨论了：⒈杂交成功的经验；⒉P与A、B、D染色体组间特殊遗传关系的理论分析；⒊F#-1自交结实的原因；⒋壮苗培养和破蘖培养繁苗在小麦远缘杂交中的重要作用。小麦属与冰草属间自交和回交后代的首次获得，在理论上对前人所认为的P染色体组在小麦族中的高度独立遗传性，提供了直接的相反证据；在实践上，使产生异源附加系、代换系甚至易位系、进而为利用P染色体组中的期望基因变得相对的容易。     

甘蓝型油菜与萝卜属间杂种的获得及分子鉴定

通过蕾期重复授粉和子房培养克服甘蓝型油菜与萝卜属间杂交障碍，提高杂种获得率。从组合湘油15×萝卜、681A×萝卜和742×萝卜分别获得12、28和18粒种子，前两组合分别得到21和11株F1代植株,而从组合 742×萝卜未得到再生植株。F1植株形态有些相似于母本，有些则不同于双亲。SSR分析显示，由湘油15×萝卜所获得的21株F1植株中有10株是真杂种。     

芥菜型油菜和黑芥与诸葛菜属间杂种的获得及其特性

属间远缘杂交是创造新种质、解决育种材料短缺的一种有效方法。为了使诸葛菜的优良基因转入芥菜型油菜和黑芥中, 采用子房培养技术, 进行芥菜型油菜和黑芥与诸葛菜的正反属间杂交。在6种不同的培养基中培养子房。结果表明, 不同的杂交组合、培养基和母本的属间杂交可交配性不同。通过子房培养, 获得了10株属间杂种, 其中9株在形态上近似母本, 或介于父母本之间, 尤嫩斯与诸葛菜杂交组合的1株杂种表现出完全的雄性不育, 并在分枝类型和叶型方面表现出明显的变异; 形态学和SSR分子生物学鉴定表明10株杂种都是真正的属间杂种。     

小麦属2个种间杂种及3个亲本的核型分析

【研究目的】本研究旨在通过细胞学鉴定判断小麦属2个种间杂种的真实性,了解其亲本的染色体组及倍数性;【方法】本试验采用了常规染色体组型分析方法;【结果】分析和报道了小麦属2个种间杂种及其3个亲本的核型,根据核型分析的有关参数,阐明了两个杂种1894×Ps5、新7×Ps5及其亲本新7、1894和Ps5的核型特征,其核型分别为：新7(2n=6x=42)：2M+12sm+28m(2SAT)(2B),1894(2n=6x=42)：2M+20sm+18m(2SAT)+2st(2B),Ps5(2n=4x=28)：2M+12sm(2SAT)+12m+2st(2B),1894×Ps5(2n=5x=35)：2M+19m+12sm+2st(2B),新7×Ps5(2n=5x=35)：1M+21m+13sm(2B);【结论】由此鉴定了2个杂种的真实性--均为真杂种,并确认了亲本新7和1894的第一套和第二套染色体均分别为A组和B组,倍数性均为6x,它们的第三套染色体属什么染色体组有待进一步研究。     

两个籼粳交杂种F2几个重要性状的分布

比较了02428/培矮64和台中65/特青两个不同的籼粳交组合F2结实率、株高和几个程氏分类性状的分布。结果表明：（1）两个组合的株高呈现相似的正态分布,不受其F1结实率和株高的影响,说明F2株高不存在配子选择问题;在杂交亲和性较好的02428/培矮64中,F2的平均结实率与其F1的结实率几乎相等,而台中65/特青结实率则表现为由F1到F2增加的趋势,说明配子选择在亲和性较好的杂种中很少或不存在,而在亲和性相对较差的组合中存在。（2）在程氏分类性状的分布中,叶毛、抽穗时稃色和第１~２穗轴节长等存在大量的中间类型,表现明显的正态分布,稃毛和酚反应虽呈双峰分布,但仍然存在少量的中间类型,而谷粒长宽比则表现极端的偏斜分布,明显地偏向粳型。虽然各分类性状表现不同的分布类型,但程氏分类指数表现出正态分布,即偏籼偏粳的中间型占绝大多数。关键词     

Introgressive hexaploid oats from the Avena abyssinica (♀) × A. sativa hybrid: performance, grain lipids and proteins

A fertile hexaploid oat plant was obtained after several generations of selection for seed set and plant type from a colchicine-produced decaploid hybrid, Avena abyssinica(2n = 4x = 28, AABB) × A. sativa (2n = 6x = 42, AACCDD). The selected line proved to be stably fertile and in many characteristics equal or superior to the hexaploid parent. The grain protein fractions showed two qualitative differences from those of the pollen parent and several differences from the maternal parent. The fractionating extraction used was new for oats. The fatty acid composition of grains of the hybrid derivative was similar to that of the pollen parent, but different from that of the maternal parent. The maternal parent (A. abyssinica) had a relatively high 16:0 fatty acid content (ca. 20.5 mol%) compared with the level of the hexaploid parent and the hybrid derivation (ca. 17.5 mol% each) in field-grown grain. However, in grain produced in the greenhouse, the hexaploids had ca. 20.5 mol% of 16:0 fatty acid and a decrease in 18:1 fatty acid, whereas seed of the A. abyssinica parent showed only a slight increase (ca.21.5 mol%) in 16:0 fatty acid. These and other responses statistically significant may be due to adaptation to temperature conditions being wider in the hexaploids than in the East-African A. abyssinica. A new method of grain lipid extraction was introduced and showed good reproducibility. The derived hexaploid oat can be crossed with A. sativa for breeding purposes and due to its early maturity might also have direct use in northern or high-altitude cultivation. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.