土壤中砷的来源及迁移释放影响因素研究进展

砷是一种高致癌风险的类金属,自然环境中高砷(As)含量可对人类和生态系统构成直接的健康威胁。研究自然环境中砷的来源、存在形式及影响因素有助于进一步理解环境中砷的迁移转化规律,降低人体摄入砷的风险。对文献的分析表明,铁锰氧化物矿物的还原性溶解、黄铁矿及其他硫化物矿物的氧化溶解、铝氢氧化物表面的砷还原、有机质抑制砷吸附以及Eh降低和pH升高是造成砷向环境迁移的主要原因。本文综述了环境中砷的来源及其向环境迁移的多种影响因素,分析了这些因素与砷之间的作用机制,以期为加强砷污染治理提供科学依据。     

Mechanisms of cadmium accumulation in rice grains and molecular breeding for its reduction

ABSTRACT

Cadmium (Cd) has an important impact on agriculture, as the excessive consumption of this element from contaminated food crops leads to toxicity in humans. Rice is the greatest source of dietary Cd intake in populations consuming rice as a staple food. Therefore, reducing the Cd concentration of rice grains for diminishing the potential risk of Cd for human health is a major challenge. This review summarizes the main achievements on Cd accumulation in rice by our research group. Using a positron-emitting tracer imaging system, we succeeded to visualize differences in real-time Cd dynamics from roots to panicles in rice varieties with different Cd accumulation abilities. Several loci or genes responsible for Cd accumulation in rice were found through quantitative trait loci (QTLs) analysis. Using the QTL qCdp7 responsible for efficiently extracting Cd from paddy soils, practical rice varieties for Cd-phytoextraction were developed by DNA marker-assisted breeding. A rice variety named ‘Koshihikari Kan No.1? carrying a mutant allele of OsNramp5 for reducing Cd concentration in rice grains was produced by mutant breeding with ion-beams, and breeding programs have been implemented to transfer this allele into many Japanese rice varieties by DNA marker-assisted breeding. Growing low-Cd varieties aerobically would be a feasible way to simultaneously reduce inorganic arsenic and Cd concentrations in rice grains. These results provide basis for reducing Cd concentration in rice through breeding new varieties.     

植物富集环境污染物的我国研究进展

综述了植物富集环境污染物的研究现状,从植物富集无机污染物,植物富集有机污染物以及植物富集放射性污染物方面进行了探讨,旨在展望植物富集环境污染物的研究趋势。     

合成磷源在石灰性潮土中的形态转化及氮肥形态对其的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了几种人工合成磷源在轻粘质潮土根际和本体土壤中的形态转化及配施不同形态氮肥对其形态转化的影响 ,结果表明 ,作物耗竭引起根际所有形态无机磷不同程度的下降。施入土壤的DCP(CaHPO4 ·2H2 O)、OCP(Ca8(PO4 ) 6 )、Al P(AlPO4 ·nH2 O)等大部分转化为其它形态无机磷 ,而Fe P(FePO4 ·nH2 O)和FA(Ca10 (PO4 ) 6 F2 )大部分以自身形态存在 ,尤其是FA很少向其它形态转化 ,根际条件促进了它们向其它无机磷形态的转化。Al P和FA等的形态转化明显受氮肥形态的影响 ,Al P配施NO- 3 N下 ,绝大部分转化为磷灰石 ,NH 4 N配施下促进了FA向其它形态的转化 ,在所有的磷源处理中 ,根际和本体磷酸铁都有显著地增加 ,NH 4 N和CO(NH2 ) 2 处理下存在磷酸铁的根际累积 ;其次是磷酸二钙和磷酸铝也有明显地增加 ,二者存在根际的亏缺。不同磷源的形态转化规律与其有效性大小相一致。     

东北产4种鹿角的无机元素分析

对东北产的梅花鹿角、马鹿角、驼鹿角和狍角进行了 2 1种元素的测定 ,结果表明 ,4种鹿角的必需宏量元素钙、镁、磷的含量非常高 ,同时富含铁、铜、锌、锰等必需微量元素     

Mobility and phytoavailability of arsenic in an abandoned mining area

The mobility and phytoavailability of arsenic in an area affected by the abandoned exploitation of an arsenical tungsten-tin deposit was studied to establish the current and eventual environmental risks and to propose possible remediation practices. Soil and plant samples were collected at different distances from the polluting sources and analyzed for their As content and distribution. Critical soil total concentrations of As were found, with values in the range 175-2300 mg kg^− 1. The readily labile As contents represent < 0.2% of the total concentrations, whereas the As contents more prone to be mobilized could rise up to 25%. Different phytostabilizing plants were identified, namely, Agrostis castellana (Boiss. & Reut.), Centaurea jacea L., Eryngium campestre L. and Scirpus holoschoenus L.. Such plants show important root bioaccumulation factor values in relation to the labile As contents (up to 197, 58, 201 and 88, respectively) and low translocation factor values (down to 0.170, 0.032, 0.173 and 0.036, respectively). Additionally to promote the revegetation with these plants, the species Rumex acetosella L. should be eliminated as this behaves as an index plant, reaching above-ground As concentrations up to 218 mg kg^− 1.     

不同品种橡胶籽中氨基酸及无机元素定性和定量分析

橡胶籽是大戟科乔木植物-三叶橡胶的有性繁殖器官,它是褐色并带有银灰色斑纹的椭圆形种子。橡胶籽作为橡胶树的副产物在很长一段时间里只是少量被用来育种其余的均没有被开发利用。橡胶籽仁是一种含油量很高的油料作物,并且粗蛋白含量丰富,含有赖氨酸、组氨酸、缬氨酸、苏氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸等必须氨基酸。橡胶籽主要由棕榈酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、油酸和硬脂酸等成分组成,富含不饱和脂肪酸,营养丰富,具有很高的利用价值。本篇文章将利用ICP-MS等设备对不同品种的橡胶籽中的氨基酸和无机元素进行定性和定量分析,比较不同橡胶籽的氨基酸和无机元素种类与含量差异,并为下一步的研究及橡胶籽产品开发提供理论依据。     

三氧化二砷对蛋用小公鸡生长的影响

通过在日粮中添加不同剂量的三氧化二砷,研究了三氧化二砷对蛋用小公鸡生长的影响。其结果表明:小剂量(0.5,1ppm)时,促进生长;较大剂量(2,4,8ppm)时,抑制生长。     

甘蓝型油菜种子无机磷含量变异的初步分析

以微量比色法对100个甘蓝型油菜品种的种子无机磷含量进行初步检测，发现不同甘蓝型油菜品种之间种子无机磷含量存在一定差异。大部分品种的成熟种子中无机磷含量为0.2-0.4μg/g，有2个品种的无机磷含量达到0.7μg/g,1个品种超过1.1μg/g。     

An innovative tapping system, the double cut alternative, to improve the yield of Hevea brasiliensis in Thai rubber plantations

In Thailand, the continuous decrease in the size of rubber plantations has led to the general adoption of intensive tapping systems which may lead to over harvesting, high rates of tapping panel dryness (TPD), short life-cycles of the plantations, and low labour productivity. In Thailand, farmers use a half-spiral downward tapping system (S/2) or a one third-spiral (S/3) with a tapping frequency of once two days (d2) or more. To increase productivity, it is difficult to reduce tapping frequencies, even with ethylene stimulation, as this would result in days without work for tappers. The purpose of this study was to characterize the behaviour of the Hevea latex yield under the double cut alternative tapping system (DCA). The aim was ensure the long-term sustainability of latex yield by increasing the time required for latex regeneration between two tappings through splitting this high tapping intensity (100% or above) into two different tapping cuts tapped alternately (S/2 d47d7(t,t). Over a period of 10 years, compared to a single cut tapping system (S/2 d2) of equivalent intensity, DCA increased cumulative rubber production by 9%. Ability of the trees to produce more latex under DCA was related to the sucrose and inorganic phosphorus contents of the latex cells in each tapping panel. DCA produced metabolic activity more favourable to yield during the first 10 years of tapping. But DCA also resulted in higher TPD rates, a sign of a metabolic dysfunction of the productive bark. DCA is a new tapping system. Further research is required to optimize the use of the DCA strategy. Such research will lead to new advances in our knowledge of the physiology of the rubber tree, mainly at the trunk scale.