Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

吡虫啉及其复配剂不同施药方法对油菜蚜虫控制效果

2006-2009年,采用拌种和播种沟施药的方法,于河南郑州研究了新烟碱类杀虫剂吡虫啉及吡虫啉.辛硫磷复配剂对油菜蚜虫的全程控制效果。小区试验结果表明,用吡虫啉有效成分5g/kg种子拌种仅能有效控制苗期油菜蚜虫的危害,防治效果为90.79%～100%,对中后期油菜蚜虫控制效果不明显;用吡虫啉600g/hm2及吡虫啉.辛硫磷复配剂1320g/hm2采用播种沟施药对油菜蚜虫的防治效果分别为91.82%～94.49%和90.68%～95.34%;试验示范验证防治效果在92%以上,持效期长达7个月以上,可以达到一次用药控制油菜整个生长期蚜虫为害的效果,减少了用药次数,此方法简单易行、保护环境、保护天敌,是一种简化高效的具有推广价值的油菜蚜虫可持续控制技术。     

60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散粒剂防治猕猴桃褐斑病田间药效试验

2017年开展的60%吡唑醚菌酯·代森联水分散粒剂防治猕猴桃褐斑病田间药效试验,结果表明,该药剂对猕猴桃灰霉病有很好的防治效果,于叶片发病初期使用有效剂量400~600mg/kg,连续茎叶喷雾2次,10d后防治效果达75%~83%,试验剂量下对猕猴桃树生长安全。     

天水旱作农业区膜侧小麦不同施肥水平增产效应分析

通过不同施肥条件对膜侧小麦水分利用、农艺性状、增产效应、经济效益等方面分析,研究干旱地区膜侧小麦的施肥问题。结果表明:施肥可以提高水分利用率1.1~3.1 kg/(mm.hm2),促进小麦生长发育;不同施肥水平对小麦的增产效应不同:低肥、中肥、高肥3种施肥水平分别比不施肥的对照增产731.5 kg/hm2,1461.0kg/hm2和1 648.5 kg/hm2,增产率分别为25.5%、50.9%和57.4%;经济效益以中肥水平(折合施纯N118.1kg/hm2,P2O594.5 kg/hm2和K2O 60.0 kg/hm2)最高,产值可达2 045.4元/hm2,产投比为2.7∶1。因此,在低、中、高3个施肥水平中,中等施肥最为有效、合理,有利于增产增收。     

大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病的影响

为探讨大蒜根系分泌物对烟草青枯病菌的抑菌活性,采用抑菌圈法和盆栽试验研究了大蒜根系分泌物及其主要成分对烟草青枯病的影响。结果表明：大蒜根系分泌物浓度为1g/mL时,对烟草青枯病菌抑制效果最好,其抑菌率为53.67%。大蒜根系分泌物4种成分的抑菌效果由强到弱依次为：2,6-二异丙基苯酚>二烯丙基二硫>2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚>邻苯二甲酸二丁酯。其中,2,6-二异丙基酚对烟草青枯病菌的抑制作用最强,在1和5mmol/L时的抑菌率分别为99.66%和100.00%;在盆栽试验中也具有较好的防治效果,接种后7 d和14 d后,其防效分别为34.75%和31.35%。因此,大蒜根系分泌物及其成分均对烟草青枯病有明显的抑制作用。本研究揭示了大蒜作为轮作或间作作物对烟草青枯病的防控机理,以及大蒜根系分泌物和2,6-二异丙基酚作为烟草青枯病防治剂的潜力。     

乡村景观格局热效应研究

利用Quickbird和ETM影像对浙江省绍兴县北部平原220 km2区域内50个村庄景观格局热效应进行了研究。通过环境亮温与建筑、水体、草地、林地、绿地(草地＋林地)5种地类斑块共45个景观指数间的数量关系分析,结果表明:各景观指数与环境亮温间具有良好的线性关系;众多景观指数可分为密度类指数、覆盖率类指数、形状指数、核心区规模指数、100 m缓冲区相关指数、其它指数6类,其中优势斑块和景观总体的密度类指数、覆盖率类指数是环境亮温的主要作用因子;有关建筑斑块及核心区景观总体规模的指数(建筑的覆盖率、块均面积、聚合度,核心区的总面积、总周长、总块均面积)与环境亮温为正相关关系,其它多为负相关,因此建成区规模较小、各地类以众多小斑块均匀分布、建筑覆盖率低且形状狭长的村庄更有助于环境降温。建立了4个亮温预测模型(Ra2>0.9),筛选出相应的亮温预测及调控因子组;在核心区,环境亮温的单因子拟合效果欠佳,景观格局结构指数的作用不能忽略,结构指数对亮温的作用贡献约占总量的25%。     

Microstructures, Reaction Kinetics and Properties of Reaction Between Magnesium and Silica Glass

In earlier calculation models,the stiffness centers in frame-shear wall structures have been located by the structural torsion stiffness.However,the results are illogical owing to the difference between the distortion character and the shears distribute mechanism of the frames and shear walls.In this paper,a new formula for calculating story stiffness is introduced,which can consider the stiffness of the frames and shear walls at the same time.The structural stiffness centers,the torsion eccentric distances and torsion effect are calculated,and the stiffness of elements is considered also.It is shown that the concept of the presented stiffness model is clear and the results are reasonable,which can be used to calculate the appreciative torsion effect.     

7种种子处理剂对小麦全蚀病的防治效果

[目的]通过室内发芽试验及田间小区试验,明确7种种子处理剂对小麦全蚀病的防治效果及对小麦发芽、出苗和生长发育的影响.[方法]药剂处理小麦种子后,进行室内发芽试验和田间药效试验.[结果]供试药剂在处理浓度下对小麦发芽、出苗及生长无不良影响,各处理小区的小麦白穗率显著低于对照区,各药剂浓度处理对小麦全蚀病均有一定的防治效果.3;苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂200 mL/100 kg种子处理、2 4;苯 醚甲环唑+2.4;咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂300 mL/100kg种子处理、1.1;咯菌腈+3.3;精甲霜灵+6.6;嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂300 mL/100 kg种子处理、125 g/L哇噻菌胺悬浮剂200 mL/100 kg种子处理对小麦全蚀病的防治效果均在80;以上.[结论]3;苯醚甲环唑悬浮种衣剂、2.4;苯醚甲环唑+2.4;咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、1.1;咯菌腈+3.3;精甲霜灵+6.6;嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂和125 g/L哇噻菌胺悬浮剂对小麦生长安全,对小麦全蚀病防治效果较好,在生产上可合理轮换使用.     

三江平原蒙古栎次生林效应带生态功能模拟

以三江平原试验区为背景,采用植物生态场技术开展次生林效应带生态功能模拟,研究结果表明:蒙古栎林6m效应带产生斑块效应,8m效应带出现边缘效应;4m,6m和8m带的光能利用与风流动模式与效应带的分布方位关系密切,根据光能利用效率总结出蒙古栎林效应带依照8 m带→6m带→4m带逐步演化。     

棉花秸秆纤维素降解菌的筛选鉴定 与降解棉秆效果研究

【目的】 利用微生物学和分子生物学手段筛选和鉴定棉秆表面附着的真菌,获得具有高效纤维素分解能力的真菌。【方法】 通过将棉花秸秆接种至不同选择性培养基中,分离挑选水解圈较大的菌株,进行镜检和分子生物学鉴定;并同时对菌株进行滤纸酶活性(FPA)和羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC-Na)糖化活力的测定,以及连续(25 d)观测棉秆纤维的失重率。【结果】 主要4株菌种水解圈直径大小排序为,SN-1＞SN-4＞SN-3＞SN-4(P=0.013)。对于CMC-Na糖化活力,24~96 h时SN-1菌种显著低于其它3个菌种(P＜0.05),120 h时,各菌种处理间差异不显著(P＞0.05)。对于FPA活性,第24和120 h时,SN-1和SN-4菌种显著高于SN-2和SN-3菌种(P＜0.05);其它时间点,各菌种按活性高低排序为:SN-1、SN-4＞SN-3＞SN-2(P＜0.05)。通过镜检和分子生物学鉴定,得到4株菌种分别为:SN-1为黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger),SN-2为赤霉(Gibberella moniliformis),SN-3为链格孢霉(Alternaria nees),SN-4为青霉菌(Penicillium italicum)。【结论】 黑曲霉降解棉花秸秆的效果最为显著。对于CMC-Na糖化酶活力、滤纸酶活性以及棉花秸秆的实际失重率(降解率),接种黑曲霉或青霉菌时表现均最佳。