Mass selection of wheat for grain filling without transient photosynthesis

Summary Post-anthesis chemical desiccation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants in the field eliminates transtent photosynthesis by killing all green tissues, thus revealing the plant's capacity for grain filling from stored stem reserves, as the case is for post-anthesis stress such as drought or leaf diseases. This study was conducted to investigate whether mass selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation would lead to the improve ment of grain filling in the absence of transient photosynthesis.Six crosses of common spring wheat were subjected to three cycles of mass selection from F₂ through F₁ when selection was performed for large kernels by sieving grains from plants that were erther chemically desiccated after anthesis, or not (controls). The resulting 36 bulks (six crosses by three selection cycles by two selection environments) were compared with their respective F₂ base populations, when tested with and without chemical desiccation.Selection for large kernels under potential conditions (without chemical desiccation) did not improve kernel weight under potnetial conditions, evidently because these materials were lacking in genetic variation for kernel weight under potential conditions. In four of the crosses, 3rd cycle selection for large kernels under potential conditions decreased kernel weight under chemical desiccation. On the other hand, selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was effective in improving kernel weight and test weight under chemical desiccation, depending on the cross and the selection cycle, with no genetic shift in mean days to heading or mean plant height. Selection for large kernels under chemical desiccation was also effective in some cases in increasing kernel weight under potential conditions. The results are interpreted to show that selection under potential conditions and under chemical desiccation operate on two different sources for grain filling, namely transient photosynthesis and stem reserve utilization, respectively. In order to expose genetic variability for stem reserve utilization to selection pressure, transient photosynthesis must be eliminated, as done by chemical desiccation in this study.     

核主成分分析方法在农业机械性能综合评价中的应用

核主成分分析(KPCA) 方法是通过非线性变换,将指标原变量空间映射到高维特征空间,并在高维特征空间中进行主成分分析的方法.为此,将该方法应用于农业机械性能综合评价的研究中,不仅实现了数据降维,而且还有效地处理了各指标的非线性影响,与其它评价方法相比较,评价结果更客观且指导性较强,取得了良好的效果.     

水稻谷粒冲击损伤临界速度分

以接触力学为基础,建立了脱粒元件与稻谷对心碰撞时压缩位移和最大压力分布模型.针对不同含水率时稻谷塑性、脆性力学性质的差异.得出了稻谷与脱粒元件冲击损伤临界速度计算公式.对钉齿与镇稻10号、武香梗14、淮稻9号、镇糯653和协优084稻谷冲击损伤临界速度进行了实例计算,在试验台架上进行了实测,试验均值与理论计算基本一致.     

高产小麦穗粒重补偿性增长效应研究

研究了高产条件下去除小穗对小麦穗粒数、千粒重和穗粒重的影响。结果表明，去除１－３个小穗，小麦的千粒重和结实率同步提高，穗粒重补偿性增长，平均增加７％－１０％；８个供试品种的千粒重皆因去小穗而增加。且存在增长极限。各品种的千粒重和穗粒重最大增长幅度均与粒重成负相关，说明８个小麦品种皆为“源”限制性品种。     

普通玉米和高赖氨酸玉米杂交主要籽粒性状的配合力分析

用３个普通玉米自交系和６个０２玉米自交系进行双列杂交,分析了参试自交系的单株产量、３００粒重、容重和收获时籽粒含水量４个性状的一般配合力（ＧＳＡ）,并对这４个性状的遗传力进行了估算。配合力分析表明,同一亲本的不同性状ＧＳＡ有很大差异,同一籽粒性状在不同亲本间ＧＳＡ也有很大差异。根据自交系各性状ＧＳＡ和ＧＳＡ方差,筛选出３个优良亲本,并获得５个较好组合。籽粒容重和收获时籽粒含水量在遗传上主要受加性基     

超声波处理提取华山松籽油的研究

研究了超声波强度、处理时间、处理时溶剂用量、处理次数对华山松籽油提取率的影响,得出最佳处理条件为超声波强度200kW/m2,处理15min,样品与溶剂比(g∶mL)为1∶7,超声波处理2次,华山松籽油提取率较理想。     

基于感知和行为视角的校园滨水景观偏好研究 ——以福建农林大学观音湖为例

基于人群感知和行为视角,以福建农林大学观音湖为研究对象,通过拍照试验、访谈问卷、扫描观察收集数据,采用词频分析、照片分析、GIS技术分析,分析景观元素、景观感知以及驻留点、观景点、景点、视线廊道的空间特征,以获得游览者对滨水景观偏好特征,采用核密度分析,得到游客景观点的热点分布。结果表明,词频分析预测出游客关注湖区丰富的景观元素,以静态观赏和行进式观赏方式游览观音湖,舒适的湖区环境让游客感到心情愉悦、平静;空间角度,游览者的驻留点分布与观景点分布具有显著的一致性,表明优美的空间环境和良好的观景位置有利于游客驻留行为的产生;游览者对滨水景观的偏好是由“丰富性—功能性—特色性”三大属性特征相互协调、影响而形成的三维耦合结构模型。     

响应面法优化山杏仁蛋白提取工艺研究

用单因素和响应面分析法确定山杏仁蛋白的提取工艺,首先通过单因素试验选取影响因素与水平,然后在单因素试验的基础上采用四因素三水平的响应面分析法,依据回归分析确定较优提取工艺条件。试验结果表明：山杏仁蛋白的等电点为4.1;其较优工艺条件为：pH 9.0,液料比为14 mL/g,提取温度37℃,提取时间60min。采用该工艺条件,山杏仁蛋白的提取率达到92.35%。     

The role of ear environment in postharvest susceptibility of maize to toxigenic Aspergillus flavus

A kernel screening assay (KSA) was used to assess the genetic and environmental effects on the vulnerability of maize to aflatoxin accumulation. Kernels of 26 inbred lines that had been grown in seven environments, and 190 lines of the Intermated B73xMo17 (IBM) population grown in one location in the United States, were inoculated with a toxigenic strain of A. flavus and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 6 days. Percent kernel colonization (PKC), sporulation and aflatoxin were influenced by the maize genotypes (G), the location (“ear environment” or E) and the GxE interactions. Overall, low broad‐sense heritabilities were observed for PKC, sporulation and aflatoxin. PKC was significantly correlated with sporulation in all environments. Aflatoxin was positively correlated with colonization for two and with sporulation for all ear environments. Higher grain sulphur or magnesium in IBM was associated with less colonization or aflatoxin. Postharvest susceptibility of maize to aflatoxin is thus influenced by factors that are modulated by the ear environment. In a KSA, sporulation could be a proxy test for aflatoxin accumulation.     

Breeding for increased grain protein and micronutrient content in wheat: Ten years of the GPC-B1 gene

To provide food and nutrition security for a growing world population, continued improvements in the yield and nutritional quality of agricultural crops will be required. Wheat is an important source of calories, protein and micronutrients and is thus a priority to breed for improvements in these traits. The GRAIN PROTEIN CONTENT-B1 (GPC-B1) gene is a positive regulator of nutrient translocation which increases protein, iron and zinc concentration in the wheat grain. In the ten years since it was cloned, the impacts of GPC-B1 allelic variation on quality and yield traits have been extensively analyzed in diverse genetic backgrounds in field studies spanning forty environments and seven countries. In this review, we compile data from twenty-five studies to summarize the impact of GPC-B1 allelic variation on fifty different traits. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the functional copy of the GPC-B1 gene is associated with consistent positive effects on grain protein, Fe and Zn content with only marginally negative impacts on yield. We conclude that the GPC-B1 gene has the potential to increase nutritional and end use quality in a wide range of modern cultivars and environments and discuss the possibilities for its application in wheat breeding.