基于三维激光扫描成像系统的树木干曲线的分形特征

树木干曲线具有分形的结构,文章应用分形方法对甘肃小陇山地区86棵不同树种的单木以及解析木干曲线进行研究,通过计算得到干曲线的分形维数介于2-3之间,研究结果表明同一树种树木干曲线的生长趋势是一致的。经过对单木干曲线和标准解析木干曲线分形维数的测定以及比较分析,可以发现同一树种不同径阶的树木干曲线具有统计意义上的自仿射分形特征,表明分形方法在对树木及其组成部分的形态上的描述作用极大。文章针对立木的测量,采用三维激光扫描成像系统,不仅获得了丰富的测树因子信息,更以此为基础对森林计测学研究进行了扩展,是一项非常有意义的工作。     

东北日光温室番茄长季节栽培管理专家系统的研制

本文根据温室番茄长季节栽培技术经验，利用农业专家系统开发平台（单机版）PAID4．0，开发温室番茄长季节栽培管理专家系统。本系统包括番茄栽培管理、病虫害防治模块、248条规则。通过将专家研究成果与计算机的结合为温室番茄长季节高效栽培技术的推广提供了广阔的应用前景。     

Simulating management effects on crop production, tile drainage, and water quality using RZWQM-DSSAT

The objective of this study was to explore if more crop-specific plant growth modules can improve simulations of crop yields, and N in tile flow under different management practices compared with a generic plant growth module. We calibrated and evaluated the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) with the Decision Support for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT v3.5) plant growth modules (RZWQM-DSSAT) for simulating tillage (NT — no till, RT — ridge till, CP — chisel plow, and MP — moldboard plow), crop rotation {CC — continuous corn, and CS — corn (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]}, and nitrogen (N) (SA — single application at preplant, and LSNT — late spring soil N test based application) and manure (SM — fall injected swine manure) management effects on crop production and water quality. Data from 1978 to 2003 from a water quality experiment near Nashua (Nashua experiments), Iowa, USA, were used. The model was calibrated using data from one treatment plot and validated for the rest of the plots. Simulated management effects on annual N loading in tile flow were agreeable with measured effects in 85%, 99%, 88%, and 78% of the cases for tillage, crop rotation (CS vs. CC), N application timing (SA vs. LSNT), and swine manure applications (SM vs. SA), respectively. On average, the LSNT plots were simulated to have 359 kg ha^− 1 higher corn yield compared to SA, when the observed increase was 812 kg ha^− 1. Grain yield simulations were not sensitive to differences between RT and NT, between SM and SA treatments, and between CS and CC. We conclude that considering the uncertainties of basic input data, processes in the field, and lack of site specific weather data, the results obtained with this RZWQM-DSSAT hybrid model were not much better than the results obtained earlier with the generic crop growth module.     

Short-term gully retreat rates over rolling hill areas in black soil of Northeast China

Soil loss has become one severe problem in black soil areas of Northeast China after several decades of cultivation. Gully erosion is one of its main components. In this study, short-term gully retreat was monitored from 5 active gullies selected in representative black soil area during April 2002 to June 2004, using differential global positioning system (GPS). With the support of geographic information system (GIS), multitemporal digital elevation models (DEM) were constructed from the data collected by GPS and then used for further analysis. This presents a new method to compute the retreat rate of gully heads and the rate of soil losses caused by gully erosion. The results indicate that the average volumetric retreat rate was 729.1 m³ year^− 1, corresponding with an average linear retreat rate of 6.2 m year^− 1 in gully head and planimetric changes of 323.6 m² year^− 1 during the two monitored years, but more erosion took place during the second and third monitored period compared to the first. The erosion by freeze thawing and snowmelt accounts for a large percent. And this will be emphasized when rainfall is added in spring. If only considering the third monitored period, the conservatively estimated retreat rate by freeze thawing and snowmelt (i.e. before rainy season) may even reach 8.6 m year^− 1 in gully head, with a volumetric rate of 120.9 m³ year^− 1 and planimetric changes of 173.6 m² year^− 1. These results reveal that gully erosion is a great threat in the study area and conservation measures are urgently needed. Based on the analysis of multi-temporal DEM, one conceptual model for gully developing in black soil of Northeast China is proposed, which is supported by the data.     

地下水监测研究进展

地下水监测是加强地下水管理和保护、实施水资源优化配置和合理调度的重要基础。作者在查阅大量相关文献的基础上,分析了地下水监测网规划现状及其发展趋势,提出地下水监测系统的概念并抽象出其逻辑模型,为地下水监测理论研究提供了科学依据。     

脆弱生态区综合治理模式研究

脆弱生态区作为人地系统的一种地域类型,是自然特质较为敏感的不稳定区域,因区域环境生态退化导致的资源性贫困,使地区社会长期陷入了PPE怪圈的桎梏当中。如何使脆弱生态区走出发展困顿,迈向人与自然和谐的可持续发展之路,是当今社会反贫困研究和生态综合治理研究的中心所在。文章通过对脆弱生态区人地关系矛盾的机理研究,在综合分析脆弱生态自然与社会经济现状基础上,应用景观生态学原理提出了生态综合治理模式;并依据产业经济学及产业生态的理论,运用结构对应分析方法,构建了生态产业化的结构框架与组织路线。在此基础上,依照市场经济规律的客观要求,探讨了脆弱生态区综合治理模式推广的技术路线及其保障体系。     

孪井灌区包气带水分运移的数值模拟

为防止盆地低洼处出现盐渍化、节约水资源,用数值模拟和田间中子仪试验相结合的方法,研究了内蒙古孪井灌区包气带的水分运移规律.数学模拟结果与田间实测土壤含水率吻合良好.在此基础上模拟计算出漫灌与喷灌条件下不同灌溉量和不同蒸发量对水分运移的影响以及水分随时间在深度上的分布情况,结果表明1200m/hm2喷灌定额下得农田水分无效消耗最小,从而得出节水高产的喷灌灌溉模式.     

有机农业发展现状及其研究趋向

简析了世界主要国家有机农业产生的背景和发展现状,并提出我国有机农业的主要研究方向,即有机农业与有机农产品的标准制定和认证;有机农业生产关键技术体系、管理体系、农产品服务体系的构建和集成;有机农业生产生态经济评价体系的构建和实施。     

基于GIS的农业景观格局变化研究——以福建省漳浦县马坪镇为例

应用GIS技术研究农业景观格局变化结果表明,福建省漳浦县马坪镇整体景观多样性指数降低,优势度指数和均匀度指数增加。景观类型变化显示生活和生产类景观不断增多,破碎化程度不断加大,而生态防护类景观不断减少,优势度指数下降,这种景观格局的变化与区域农业发展实际相吻合。     

土壤杂草种子库与杂草综合管理

土壤杂草种子库是农田杂草发生危害的主要根源,种子库的动态变化规律对于杂草的综合管理具有非常重要的意义。目前研究表明,杂草种子库的密度和组成变化很大,与田间杂草群落具有密切的联系。杂草种子库时刻处于输入和输出的动态变化之中。耕作方式影响杂草种子在土壤中的垂直分布,从而间接影响种子库的密度和种类组成;作物轮作使杂草的生存环境趋于多样化,能够限制某些对单一种植系统有着良好适应性的杂草种类的生长,作物轮作对杂草种子库种类组成和丰富度的影响要大于耕作方式;杂草管理措施能够大大降低田间杂草的结实,从而减小杂草种子库的规模。随着人们对除草剂使用和环境安全问题的日益关注,发展基于生态规律的杂草管理措施越来越受到人们重视,结合近几年国内外的研究进展,作者提出了杂草种子库今后的一些新的研究发展方向。