稳定性肥料在中国不同区域的施用效果及施用量

  【目的】  对单个区域或者单种作物开展的抑制剂或者稳定性肥料效果研究受土壤类型和气候区域限制,无法为稳定性肥料在不同地理区域的生产和施用提供科学的数据支持。为此,我们在全国范围进行了稳定性肥料施用效果试验,为稳定性肥料的科学施用提供依据。  【方法】  稳定性肥料产业技术战略联盟于2009—2018年在全国7大地理区域进行了大田试验,比较了等养分条件下,施用稳定性肥料和常规施肥的增产效果,统计分析了2014—2018年的研究结果。  【结果】  在华南、西南、华中、华东、华北、西北、东北地区,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料 (SF) 相对常规施肥 (CK) 的作物平均增产率分别为5.00%、13.40%、6.96%、8.68%、16.30%、8.72%和5.80%,氮肥农学利用率 (NAE) 增幅分别为36.11%、29.84%、27.25%、51.02%、54.73%和21.00% (无华北NAE数据);80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料 (80%SF) 处理相比CK的增产率分别为1.62%、10.38%、1.78%、6.34%、8.35%、1.44%和0.09%,NAE增幅分别为78.24%、81.41%、49.22%、20.10%、38.96%和62.10%;80%SF处理相对SF处理的作物产量平均减少3.92%、1.22%、1.25%、3.49%、0.07%、1.08%和0.05%,NAE增幅分别为30.95%、40.11%、17.27%、–20.48%、–10.19%和33.97%,与SF处理的作物产量相比,减施20%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料在各个区域均带来小幅减产,80%SF处理相对SF处理的减产幅度在华中、华北、西北和东北地区差异显著 (P < 0.05),在华南、西南和华东地区差异不显著,80%SF处理相对SF处理的NAE差异多不显著;从全国范围来看,等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理平均能提高作物产量8.54%和提高NAE 21.77%,80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料处理能使产量和NAE分别提高3.13%和26.39%。主成分分析结果发现,稳定性肥料增产率主要受到两种有效公因子的影响,即养分因子和pH因子;稳定性肥料增产率与土壤养分主要呈负相关关系,土壤养分越低,稳定性肥料的增产效果越强,稳定性肥料在贫瘠土壤上产生的经济效益越大 (西北极端干旱地区土壤除外);稳定性肥料增产率与土壤pH呈正相关关系,土壤pH越高,稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果越强。  【结论】  施用稳定性肥料在全国主要种植区域均取得了明显的增产节肥效应,完全可以替代常规施肥模式。综合对比等常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式和80%常规施肥养分稳定性肥料施肥模式对增产和提高NAE的效果,华东、华中、华北、西北、东北以等常规施肥养分施用稳定性肥料的效果较好,华南、西南稳定性肥料的施用量则以80%的常规施肥养分量为宜。影响稳定性肥料肥效和增产效果最重要的土壤因素是土壤养分,其次是土壤pH。     

湖南主要辣椒品种产量与主要农艺性状的相关性及通径分析

为探讨湖南辣椒品种主要农艺性状与产量间的相关性和重要性,以湖南本地16个辣椒品种为材料,采用完全随机区组设计进行田间鉴定,分析产量与主要农艺性状的相关系数及通径系数。结果表明,湖南的主要辣椒品种间产量、株高等8个性状具有丰富的遗传变异,有较高的遗传选育价值;鲜果产量与果宽、单果鲜重和单株挂果数呈显著正相关;农艺性状对辣椒鲜果总产量的直接贡献从大到小依次为单株挂果数(0.648)单果鲜重(0.629)果宽(0.511)果长(0.328)果肉厚(0.304)株高(-0.105)果柄长(-0.014)。综上所述,建议在选配辣椒杂交组合时,优先考虑果宽较宽、鲜果较重、挂果树较多的亲本。     

Effects of temperature and solar radiation on yield of good eating-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Huai River Basin,China

We studied the effects of temperature and solar radiation on rice yield with the aim of understanding the temperature and solar radiation requirements for high yield rice production in the lower reaches of the Huai River, China. Field experiments were conducted with two medium-maturing japonica rice(MMJR) varieties and four late-maturing japonica rice(LMJR) varieties in 2017 and 2018. Seeds were sown on May 10(T1), May 17(T2), May 24(T3), May 31(T4), June 7(T5), June 14(T6), and June 21(T7). The whole growth duration(WGD) of rice was shortened when sowing date was delayed, especially for the duration from sowing to heading(S–H). The effective accumulated temperature(EAT), mean daily temperature(T_(mean)), cumulative solar radiation(CSR), and mean daily solar radiation(R_(mean)) over the WGD decreased when sowing date was delayed. Compared with T1, yields in T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7 decreased by 0.12–0.35, 0.45–0.89, 0.74–1.56, 1.41–2.24, 2.16–2.90, and 2.69–3.64 t ha-1, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between rice yield and EAT in different growth stages. Temperature was the main factor that affected the yield of good eating-quality rice in the lower reaches of the Huai River. We found that a relatively high yield can be obtained when the optimal T_(mean) for medium-maturing japonica rice(MMJR) and late-maturing japonica rice(LMJR) was 25.8–27.0℃ and 26.6–27.1℃ in the stages from sowing to heading(S–H), and 20.3–23.3℃ and 20.3–22.1℃ in the stages from heading to maturity(H–M), respectively. The optimal sowing dates for MMJR and LMJR in the lower reaches of the Huai River were May 15–31 and May 15–18, respectively.     

池养青虾的高产技术

按青虾摄食、栖息生态习性设计池塘青虾养殖工艺,养殖实践表明：（１）采用虾苗一次放养,每１０００ｍ＾２池塘面积投放４．５－７．５万尾虾苗,饲养期间采用地分期分批捕捞的方法,青虾养殖池塘每１０００ｍ＾２净产为９０－１５０ｋｇ,其中６０－７０％的商品虾规格可达２．０－２．５ｇ以上。（２）采用一年二茬养殖青虾的方式,每１０００ｍ＾２净产可达２０４．３ｋｇ左右,但操作较为复杂。（３）青虾高产养殖池塘以面积６     

Rejuvenating indigenous trees in agroforestry parkland systems for better fruit production using crown pruning

The effects of crown pruning of mature indigenous fruit trees of Vitellaria paradoxa C. F Gaertn (commonly known as karité) and Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) R. Br. ex G. Don (commonly known as néré) on recovery of crown size and fruit yield were assessed during 6 years in an agroforestry parkland system in Burkina Faso. Three treatments of crown pruning (total-pruning, half-pruning and a control of no-pruning) were applied to karité and néré. Each treatment comprised ten individuals of each species or a total of 60 trees of both species. Six years after pruning, higher recovery (81%) of crown diameter was achieved in total-pruned trees of néré as opposed to karité which recovered by only 73%. On the contrary, fruit production in total-pruned trees of karité recovered by 83% 5 years after pruning and fully (100%) 6 years after pruning as opposed to néré which recovered by only 57% 5 years after pruning but declined to 16% on the sixth year probably due to interannual variability. Fruit yields did not differ significantly between unpruned and half-pruned trees of both species throughout the experiment period. Total pruning may, therefore, be recommended to farmers to rejuvenate old trees of karité in parklands on the basis of fast recovery of fruit and slow recovery of crown in the species. Slow recovery of crown in pruned trees is the most desirable characteristic in parklands in order to avoid the negative effect of tree shade on adjacent crop.     

碳酸氢钠添加剂对荷斯坦奶牛产奶量的影响

选择体重、胎次、泌乳期、乳脂率和产奶量基本一致的健康无病荷斯坦奶牛12头,随机分成四组,每组3头,即试验1组,试验2组,试验3组和对照组,在试验组奶牛的混合精料中分别添加碳酸氢钠50g／头,100g／头,150g／头。试验前后相比,试验组与对照组的产奶量都呈下降趋势,1组,2组,3组与对照组的产奶量分别下降了1．95kg,1．47kg,2．17kg,3．73kg,Ⅰ组,2组,3组与对照组相比,乳脂率、4％标准乳分别提高了3．82％,5．88％,5．00％,10．54％（P〈0．05）,12．60％（P〈0．01）8．36％（P〈0．05）。     

LC土壤改良剂对土壤盐碱及大白菜生长的影响

进行了LC土壤改良剂对盐碱土壤的改良及对大白菜出苗、生长、产量的影响效果试验。结果表明,LC土壤改良剂对降低土壤耕层(0～40cm)可溶性盐效果明显;在提高大白菜出苗率和产量上有一定作用。同时探讨了LC土壤改良剂施用量。     

台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源管理的探讨

应用Schacfcr和Fox剩余产量模式及其由此衍生的生物经济模式和Gulland最适产量Y_(0.1)模式,分别估算了台湾海峡及其邻近海域渔业资源的最大持续产量、最大持续捕捞力量,最大经济产量、最大经济捕捞力量、最佳经济效益,最适产量、最适捕捞力量,并对各模式计算的诸项经济指标进行比较,讨论了渔业管理方案,确定了近期适合国情、省情的管理目标。     

药隔期低温胁迫对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响

为探明药隔期低温胁迫对小麦产量的影响,以烟农19、新麦26为供试材料,在小麦药隔期进行不同程度(T1:2℃/4h、T2:0℃/4h、T3:-2℃/4h)的低温处理,研究药隔期低温胁迫对小麦干物质积累、转运和分配及产量的影响.结果 表明:药隔期低温胁迫显著降低小麦干物质积累量,不同抗倒春寒性小麦品种间干物质积累量存在差异,抗倒春寒性弱的小麦品种降幅更大.其中烟农19的T1、T2、T3处理分别降低33.4％、46.2％和54.7％,而新麦26则分别降低了50.1％、59.3％和72.4％.不同处理小麦籽粒、穗轴+颖壳、茎鞘+叶的干物质积累量均低于CK,且随着低温胁迫程度的加重呈明显降低趋势.小麦花前干物质的转运量、转运效率以及花前贮藏干物质对籽粒的贡献率均随着低温胁迫程度加重呈降低趋势.同时低温胁迫显著降低小麦籽粒和穗轴+颖壳的干物质分配比例,增加茎鞘+叶的分配比例.T1、T2和T3处理显著降低了小麦的穗粒数和千粒重及籽粒产量,烟农19的T1、T2和T3处理分别减产56.06％、86.36％和98.10％;新麦26的T1、T2和T3处理分别减产96.15％、98.07％和98.46％.药隔期低温胁迫显著降低小麦干物质的积累量、花前干物质的转运量、转运效率以及花前贮藏干物质对籽粒的贡献率和籽粒干物质分配比例,严重减少光合同化物向穗部的转运和分配,影响穗部小花的正常发育,从而导致穗粒数的减少,这是造成小麦减产的主要原因.