小麦蚜虫无公害防治用药筛选试验

[目的]筛选出用于小麦蚜虫无公害防治的杀虫剂。[方法]以虫口减退率和防治效果为评价指标,对5.0%啶虫脒乳油、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油和50.0%甲基对硫磷乳油无公害防治小麦蚜虫进行了筛选试验。[结果]药后1 d,溴氰菊酯乳油的防治效果最好,虫口减退率88.93%,防效91.23%;啶虫脒乳油的防治效果最差。药后7 d,啶虫脒乳油的防治效果最好,虫口减退率85.99%,防效96.75%,与其他药剂存在极显著差异(P<0.01);除甲基对硫磷乳油外,其他3种药剂均未对小麦产生药害,但对天敌有一定的杀伤作用,而甲基对硫磷乳油对天敌的杀伤力较强。[结论]5.0%啶虫脒乳油、2.5%溴氰菊酯乳油、2.5%高效氯氟氰菊酯乳油是防治小麦蚜虫的理想药剂,可完全取代高毒农药。     

广西桑树苗圃适用除草剂品种的筛选试验

针对广西当地主栽桑树品种“桂桑优12号”,选用5种苗前除草剂、6种苗后除草剂,分别在桑树播后苗前土壤喷雾施药和桑苗2叶1心期茎叶喷雾施药,研究这些除草剂对杂草的防效及对桑苗的安全性.结果表明:在试验剂量范围内,二甲戊乐灵、高效氟吡甲禾灵、灭草松、混剂A、混剂B对桑苗安全;唑嘧磺草胺对桑苗生长有轻微药害,造成桑苗叶色黄化、叶片枯斑、生长略受抑制;2甲4氯钠造成桑苗叶色淡化,萎蔫以至植株倒伏,生长受到一定抑制,但能较快恢复.乙草胺、丁草胺、异丙甲草胺、苯噻酰草胺均影响桑苗的出苗,造成子叶畸型,以丁草胺的症状最轻;二甲戊乐灵、混剂A、混剂B的杀草谱广,防效显著.     

稻田主要杂草种类和生长变化的研究

采用人工除草、化学除草、不除草 3种处理方法对稻田杂草生长情况进行系统调查。结果表明 :安徽省合肥地区至少有 13种稻田杂草 ,其中鸭舌草、稗草、陌上草、三棱草 4种为主要杂草 ;不同处理间杂草种类、数量、鲜重、干重存在显著差异 ;2次调查中 3种处理的杂草群落均有变化 ,即水稻旺盛生长期的杂草种类、数量、生物产量较水稻生长前期明显减少。     

N-硝基-N-(2,4,6-三氯苯基)-N′-2-甲氧基苯基脲生物活性的研究

研究了N -硝基 -N - ( 2 ,4,6—三氯苯基 ) -N′ - 2 -甲氧基苯基脲对单子叶作物水稻的植物生长调节活性及对单子叶杂草稗的除草活性 ,结果表明 :在一定的浓度范围内 ,该化合物对水稻具有植物生长调节活性 ,对稗具除草活性。     

大豆根际溶磷真菌的筛选、复配及包埋固定化回用效果

为获得具高效溶磷能力的溶磷真菌,本研究从大豆根际土壤中分离筛选出5株具有溶解Ca3(PO4)2、AlPO4、FePO4及磷矿粉能力的高效菌株,分别命名为Z2、Z3、Z8、T4和Y2,分析了其对不同磷源的溶解能力,复配了最优溶磷组合同时评价了最优组合固定化回用的效果。结果表明:菌株Z2为黄色蓝状菌(Talaromyces flavus),Z3为绳状篮状菌(Talaromyces funiculosus),Z8为黑曲霉(Aspergilus niger),T4为嗜松蓝状菌(Talaromyces pinophilus),Y2为糙刺蓝状菌(Talaromyces trachyspermus)。培养11 d内,Z2、Z3、Z8、T4及Y2对Ca3(PO4)2的最大溶磷量分别为610.51 mg/mL、674.39 mg/mL、687.10 mg/mL、667.06 mg/mL和629.08 mg/m L,对Al PO4的最大溶磷量分别为485.76 mg/mL、505.59 mg/mL、559.72 mg/m L、495.97 mg/mL和540.02 mg/mL,对FePO4的最大溶磷量分别为504.60 mg/mL、511.57 mg/m L、553.21 mg/mL、508.23 mg/m L和520.42 mg/mL以及对磷矿粉的最大溶磷量分别为139.78mg/mL、135.31mg/mL、159.03mg/mL、154.61mg/m L和154.43mg/mL。溶磷过程中,溶磷量与pH值呈现极显著的负相关性,并测得5株真菌释放有机酸含量分别为228.6 mL/L、91.5 mL/L、7 254.1 mL/L、314.4 mL/L和284.6 mL/L。对无拮抗反应的菌株进行随机复配组合,发现菌株Z3、Z8和Y2组成的复配组合溶磷能力最强,其对Ca3(PO4)2溶磷量高达779.94 mg/m L。最优复配组合包埋固定回用至土壤后,土壤中有效磷含量得到明显提升,最高效磷含量可增长至113.5 mg/kg,增长率为127.3%。本研究为微生物溶磷菌肥的开发提供菌种资源,也可为今后的进一步应用研究提供科学依据。     

水稻苗床地复种大豆品种筛选试验

水稻苗床地种植大豆,品种选择是关键。试验通过对14个大豆品种(系)进行田间调查、室内考种和产量鉴定筛选出适宜佳木斯地区水稻苗床地不同播期种植的大豆品种。结果表明,6月1～5日苗床复种可种植:安01-1233、安02-348、丰收25、垦丰11等;6月6～10日苗床复种可种植:丰收27、北豆10、北03-96等;6月11～15日苗床复种可种植:合丰42、合丰37等。     

东北黑土地农田除草剂污染过程与消减技术研究进展与展望

除草剂是保障黑土粮仓粮食供给的重要生产资料。东北黑土区除草剂的高频高强度施用,可能导致其在土壤中残留累积,从而影响后茬作物生长,成为轮作换茬、种植结构调整的瓶颈。因此,开展黑土地除草剂污染过程与消减关键技术研究,对保障黑土地农业绿色可持续发展具有重要的科学意义。系统分析了黑土地农田除草剂污染过程与消减技术研究进展与发展趋势,指出了目前该研究领域存在的科学与技术问题,提出了我国黑土地农田除草剂污染过程与消减技术的研究思路与重点方向,以推动我国黑土地农田除草剂污染修复理论与技术的发展。     

蒙古黄芪根腐病病原鉴定及防治药剂室内筛选

为鉴定青海省民和地区蒙古黄芪(Astragalus membranaceus var.mongholicus)根腐病病原菌及筛选防治该病害的有效杀菌剂,本研究基于形态学特征、rDNA-ITS,TEF-1α和RPB2序列分析对蒙古黄芪根腐病病原进行鉴定,并利用菌丝生长速率法测定8种杀菌剂对病原菌的抑制作用。结果发现,引起黄芪根腐病的病原菌为腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium soani)、逗号镰刀菌(F.virguliforme)、木贼镰刀菌(F.equiseti)和锐顶镰刀菌(F.acuminatum)。室内药剂试验表明硅唑·咪鲜胺对4种镰刀菌的抑制作用最好,EC₅₀在0.195～0.588 mg·L^-1之间;多菌灵对腐皮镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC₅₀在0.113～0.869 mg·L^-1之间;咯菌腈对逗号镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌和锐顶镰刀菌的抑制作用较强,EC₅₀在0.153～0.390 mg·L^-1之间;甲基硫菌灵、噁霉灵、溴菌腈和石硫合剂...     

Herbicide savings and economic benefits of several strategies to control Sorghum halepense in maize crops

This study was conducted to assess the herbicide savings and the cost efficiency of site-specific herbicide application strategies in comparison with other strategies based on uniform application of herbicides throughout the whole field. The specific situation considered was Sorghum halepense infested maize fields in Spain. The results from a theoretical economic model were contrasted with the information derived from a S. halepense survey conducted in 37 commercial maize fields distributed over three Spanish maize production areas. Seven application strategies were simulated: 1) no herbicide; 2) overall full-rate; 3) overall half-rate; 4) and 5) site-specific spraying infested cells with full- and half-rate, respectively; 6) and 7) site-specific spraying infested cells plus adjacent buffer areas with full- and half-rate, respectively. The simulation results showed that site-specific weed management was the most profitable strategy when S. halepense infested area ranged between 6.5 and 18.7%. This scenario was present in 22% of the surveyed fields. In fields with less than 6.5% infestation (a situation present in 51% of the surveyed fields), yield losses were slight and the most profitable strategy was using no herbicide. When the infested area ranged between 18.7 and 40.8% (19% of the surveyed fields), no significant differences were observed between the net benefits of the various strategies. Full rate herbicide applications throughout the entire field resulted in the highest net returns in fields with more than 40.8% weed infestation (8% of the surveyed fields). In these cases, the added costs of weed detection, mapping and site-specific herbicide application were not justified by the herbicide savings obtained. Likewise, herbicide savings obtained with the various strategies depended on the proportion of the field infested. Considering the high difference between site-specific treatments and uniform application of herbicides when the infested area ranged between 18.7 and 40.8%, and that no significant differences in net returns were observed in this range, site-specific treatments should be preferred. Adding a buffer area to the site-specific treatments does not seem a suitable strategy due to the considerable increases in costs and reductions in herbicide savings.     

江西早籼优质稻品种筛选试验

2000和2001年对江西省选育的13个早籼稻品种进行了筛选试验。结果表明:以"金优F6"、"1290S/优丰稻"、"香两优25"3个品种最好,其次为"安两优25"、"佳优早",这5个品种适宜江西作早籼优质稻进行推广。