重庆地区叶用枸杞“宁杞9号”扦插育苗技术研究

为了探究适宜重庆地区的叶用枸杞“宁杞9号”扦插育苗技术,进行了不同扦插基地配比处理下的叶用枸杞扦插育苗技术研究。结果表明:河沙∶椰棕土∶草炭土∶有机肥(3∶3∶3∶1)的基质配比扦插效果最好,“宁杞9号”扦插成活率达到90.25%,扦插苗生根数量4.05根,扦插苗新生根长4.26 cm,扦插苗株高28.39 cm,扦插苗新生枝条粗度0.43,而新生枝条数量无显著差异。     

粳稻大剑叶角资源的发现及剑叶角度的遗传分析与QTL定位

 利用粳稻保持系863B（P1）与A7444（P2）进行配组,构建了P1、P2、F1、B1(F1/P1)、B2(F2/P2)和F2 6个世代,并对剑叶角度进行遗传分析。调查了P1与P2及BC1F1世代141个单株SSR标记基因型和剑叶角度,构建该组合的SSR标记连锁图谱并定位剑叶角度的QTL。该连锁图谱由79个多态位点构成,全长441.6 cM,相邻标记的平均图距为5.6 cM。主基因加多基因的遗传模型分析结果表明,剑叶角度受2对主基因+多基因控制,以主基因遗传为主。单标记分析显示有15个标记与剑叶角度呈极显著相关。利用两种分析软件WinQTLCart 2.5和QTL Network 2.0共同检测到2个控制剑叶角度的QTL(qFLA2、qFLA8)。qFLA2位于RM300-RM145区间,qFLA8位于RM6215-RM8265区间,这两个QTL增效等位基因都来自A7444。     

中棉所63棉铃对位叶光合生理性能的杂种优势研究

以杂交棉中棉所63及其亲本为材料,在棉铃发育时期对棉铃对位叶的生理和光合性能指标进行测定,探索中棉所63获得高产的杂种优势形成机理。结果表明:1)中棉所63产量优势显著。单株结铃数比两亲本分别高21.52%,43.28%,铃重高2.42%,19.31%,叶面积载铃量高22.39%,22.30%。2)中棉所63在棉铃发育后期棉铃对位叶生理指标表现出显著的杂种优势。棉铃对位叶叶面积分别比亲本高26.60%,59.41%,并且中棉所63棉铃对位叶保持较高水平的SOD活性,使其生理代谢明显提高;与此同时,中棉所63的MDA含量显著低于亲本,细胞膜受损较轻,延缓了对位叶的衰老。3)中棉所63在棉铃发育后期棉铃对位叶光合指标表现出显著的杂种优势。在棉铃发育后期,中棉所63叶绿素含量、SPS活性的高水平,能够维持高效率的光合作用,积累更多的光合产物,从而使中棉所63获得较高的单株结铃数和铃重,最终获得高产。     

泰国政府投巨资收储农产品

以三色竹芋的侧芽为外植体,研究了三色竹芋不定芽诱导、增殖和生根的组织培养过程,并研究了6-BA浓度和继代次数对叶片颜色的影响。结果表明：以三色竹芋的侧芽为外植体,经过芽的分化、增殖和生根可获得批量组培苗;降低6-BA的浓度,减少继代次数,有利于保持叶片的颜色。     

稻螟蛉幼虫空间分布型的研究

在第3，4代稻螟蛉幼虫盛发期，测定了田间幼虫空间分布格局。其水平分布属于聚集分布中的奈曼分布，垂直分布幼虫多集中在稻株中上部叶片。     

Leaf K/Na ratio predicts salinity induced yield loss in irrigated rice

Salinity is a major constraint to irrigated rice production, particularly in semi-arid and arid climates. Irrigated rice is a well suited crop to controlling and even decreasing soil salinity, but rice is a salt-susceptible crop and yield losses due to salinity can be substantial. The objective of this study was to develop a highly predictive screening tool for the vegetative growth stage of rice to estimate salinity-induced yield losses. Twenty-one rice genotypes were grown over seven seasons in a field trials in Ndiaye, Senegal, between 1991 and 1995 and were subjected to irrigation with moderately saline water (3.5 mS cm^-1, electrical conductivity) or irrigation with fresh water. Potassium/sodium ratios of the youngest three leaves (K/Na_Leaves) were determined by flame photometry at the late vegetative stage. Grain yield was determined at maturity. All cultivars showed strong log-linear correlations between K/Na_Leaves and grain yield, but intercept and slope of those correlations differed between seasons for a given genotype and between genotypes. The K/Na_Leaves under salinity was related to grain yield under salinity relative to freshwater controls. There was a highly significant correlation (p < 0.001) between K/Na_Leaves and salinity-induced grain yield reduction: the most susceptible cultivars had lowest K/Na_Leaves and the strongest yield reductions. Although there were major differences in the effects of salinity on crops in both the hot dry season (HDS) and the wet season, the correlation was equally significant across cropping seasons. The earliest possible time to establish the relationship between K/Na_Leaves under salinity and grain yield reduction due to salinity was investigated in an additional trial in the HDS 1998. About 60 days after sowing, salinity-induced yield loss could be predicted through K/Na_Leaves with a high degree of confidence (p < 0.01). A screening system for salinity resistance of rice, particularly in arid and semi-arid climates, is proposed based on the correlation between K/Na_Leaves under salinity and salinity-induced yield losses. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

草莓褐色叶斑病病原菌Pilidium lythri鉴定及室内防治药剂筛选

近年来,由病原菌Pilidium lythri引起的草莓褐色叶斑病,是一种在中国发生严重的新病害。作者在2015年至2017年间,从北京市昌平区、山东省诸城市和湖南省娄底市采集有症状的草莓样品共90株,每地30株,根据形态学特征、分子生物学及系统发育分析,其中26株分离物被鉴定为P. lythri, 并且山东和湖南系首次发现由P. lythri引起的草莓褐色叶斑病。鉴于目前中国还没有登记用于防治草莓褐色叶斑病的杀菌剂。本研究通过室内毒力测定法测定了26株P. lythri菌株对8种常用杀菌剂和1种新型杀菌剂双苯菌胺(SYP-14288)的敏感性。结果表明：SYP-14288对P. lythri菌丝生长的抑制活性最强,平均EC₅₀值为(0.33 ± 0.06) μg/mL,可将其作为防治草莓褐色叶斑病的首选药剂;氟环唑、苯醚甲环唑、咪鲜胺、戊唑醇、百菌清和腈菌唑对P. lythri的平均EC₅₀值在3.92~72.58 μg/mL之间,其中菌株对嘧菌酯和代森锰锌的敏感性较低。该研究结果可为合理使用杀菌剂防治由P. lythri引起的草莓褐色叶斑病提供参考。

     

Resistance to bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in winter wheat varieties

Summary In Hungary the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) is the most frequent aphid species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Estimations of infestation by R. padi as well as measurements of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass were carried out in 26 winter wheat genotypes in conditions of naturally infested and not infested (protected) control plots. The experiment was performed in isolated conditions in two field cages covered by nets. The aphids overwintered on wheat and got into cage, extremely quickly multiplied, therefore there was no need to apply any artificial aphid infestation. Highly significant differences were demonstrated among genotypes in infestation severity of R. padi as well as in losses of grain yield and thousand-kernel mass. The most resistant variety GK Zombor had 25% infestation, and the most susceptible one GK Lili had 79.2%. The reduction of grain yield of the most tolerant genotypes (GK Korány, Downy, Mv 4, Jubilejnaja 50, Mv 8, GK Kincsö and GK Zombor) was 26–33%, and that of thousand-kernel mass was 23–30%. The most sensitive genotypes (GK Lili, GK Örzse, GK Koppány and Mv 13) suffered 58–63% losses in yield, and 40–50% in thousand-kernel mass. A close correlation was found between infestation of R. padi in different wheat genotypes and losses of grain yield (r=0.7572, P<0.001). Also there were tolerance differences among genotypes even within the same level of infestation. The reductions of thousand-kernel mass correlated very closely with the reductions of grain yield (r=0.9212, P<0.001), that makes screening possible by reductions of thousand-kernel mass. These results have found application in breeding. The leaf pubescence of the varieties studied did not generally influence the infestation by R. padi.     

毛叶秋海棠的杂交遗传特性

 采用毛叶秋海棠与云南野生秋海棠, 以及国外毛叶秋海棠的园艺品种进行正反交试验, 观测各杂交F1 代群体叶片斑纹、茎的类型、植株抗寒能力等主要性状的表现及其遗传特性; 通过F1 代自交, 对F2 代群体叶片斑纹的观测统计, 研究银绿斑性状的分离规律。试验结果表明: 毛叶秋海棠银绿斑与无斑是一对相对性状, 银绿斑对无斑是显性, 无斑对银绿斑是隐性, 其遗传杂交符合孟德尔的分离规律; B . rex ×B . longialata F1 代植株银绿斑性状的持续表现受光照强度的影响较大, 生长2 年后需要增加约2000 lx 的光照才能保持原有的银绿斑色彩; 毛叶秋海棠根状茎性状的遗传特性极为稳定, 遗传保持率90 %; 杂交F1 代在抗寒性方面表现了明显的杂种优势。     

基于时序高光谱和多任务学习的水稻病害早期预测研究

水稻病害是影响水稻产量的重要因素之一,水稻病害的早期预测对水稻病害防治至关重要。为了实现水稻白叶枯病害的预测,连续采集了从接种病菌到早期发病共7d的白叶枯病害胁迫下的叶片高光谱图像。利用Savitzky-Golay算法对高光谱图像进行预处理,并利用主成分分析（Principal component analysis, PCA）和随机森林（Random forest, RF）算法提取光谱特征,构建多任务学习(Multi-task learning, MTL)与长短期记忆（Long short-term memory, LSTM）网络融合的预测模型,对水稻病害发病率和潜伏期进行预测,并利用鲸鱼优化算法（Whale optimization algorithm, WOA）对MTL-LSTM模型进行优化。实验结果表明：PCA和RF可以有效地从高光谱图像中提取光谱特征,降低高光谱数据维度,且基于光谱特征构建的预测模型性能优于全波段光谱构建的预测模型性能,建模时间降低约98%。基于时序高光谱构建的预测模型对发病率和潜伏期的预测取得了预期效果,基于前10个特征波长构建的WOA-MTL-LSTM模型取得了最优的预测性能,对发病率和潜伏期预测测试集的R2分别为0.93和0.85,RMSE分别为0.34和2.12,RE分别为0.33%和1.21%。通过WOA算法可以提升MTL-LSTM的预测性能,对发病率和潜伏期预测的R2均提升0.05。研究结果表明RF提取高光谱特征能有效表征全波段光谱,基于时序高光谱的WOA-MTL-LSTM模型可以准确预测白叶枯病害发病率和潜伏期,为水稻白叶枯病害的预防提供了技术支持。