一个调控水稻叶绿素合成基因wl-1的精细定位

为改良优异两系不育系株1S (Z1S)的株型特征,利用甲基磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱变技术处理株1S (Z1S),得到一个苗期为白条纹的突变体,命名为wl-1。以该突变体与粳稻品种日本晴杂交,得F1种子,进而获得自交F2群体。遗传分析表明wl-1受单个隐性基因控制。利用图位克隆技术将wl-1初定位于水稻第3号染色体上RM15851和RM15880两个标记之间。进一步扩大遗传定位群体,最终将wl-1精细定位于标记inedl3和indel4之间的122 kb区域内。生物信息学分析表明该区域有12个ORF。对这12个ORF编码区逐个测序分析表明,其第10个ORF (LOC-03g52170),编码4-羟基-3-甲基丁-2-烯基二磷酸还原酶的第2个外显子上的第165位碱基处存在1个碱基A替换为T的突变。基因表达分析表明,在幼苗期与野生型株1S相比,突变体中LOC-03g52170的表达量显著低于相应的野生型;同时突变体中叶绿素合成相关基因、光合作用相关基因以及叶绿体发育相关基因的表达量发生了显著变化。对叶色基因wl-1 (LOC-03g52170)的挖掘,有利于进一步阐释叶绿体和叶绿素合成的生物学机理,同时为水稻高光效育种提供理论和技术支撑。     

基于随机森林特征优选的雪茄烟叶晾制过程含水率预测

针对雪茄烟叶晾制过程含水率人工判断主观性强、准确度低等不足,以及对影响雪茄烟叶晾制过程含水率预测的重要表观特征尚不明确等问题,该研究基于图像特征提取以及机器学习技术实现雪茄烟叶晾制过程含水率的预测。试验以雪茄烟品种“云雪2号”为试验材料,获取晾制过程的烟叶图像的颜色、轮廓、纹理以及部位四类特征并筛选出雪茄烟叶含水率预测的优选图像特征子集。在此基础上,构建了随机森林（random forest, RF）、支持向量机（support vector regression, SVR）与反向传播神经网络（back propagation neural network, BPNN）模型,并利用遗传算法（genetic algorithm, GA）对各模型超参数进行优化,将原始图像特征集与优选图像特征集输入3个机器学习模型,构建出6种模型-特征组合方案,依据晾制时期对原始数据集进行划分,并对测试集进行预测。最终结果显示：GA-SVR模型+优选图像特征子集的组合方案在测试集上表现最优,其决定系数（coefficient of determination,r²）与均方误差（mean square error,MSE）分别为0.980和0.001,且运行时间最短（运行时长=0.128 s）。研究结果可为雪茄烟叶晾制过程智能化控制提供理论依据。     

基于单片机的光电式叶片面积测量系统

在农业生产中,叶片面积及其参数是衡量农作物产量的重要因素。传统叶片面积检测方法过程复杂,不能实现自动测量。为此,针对农业中田间叶片面积的实时测量需要,设计了基于单片机的光电式叶片面积测量系统;阐述了系统的整体设计思路、结构、测量原理、系统误差的计算及外部电路的设计。     

Effects of drought on chlorophyll fluorescence in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). I. Plant water status and the kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence

Summary The slow kinetics of chlorophyll fluorescence were examined in seven potato genotypes grown either fully irrigated or droughted from the time of plant emergence. Constant and variable fluorescence (F _o andF _v respectively) declined with time in plants from both irrigated and droughted treatments, but the decline was greater in droughted than irrigated plants. However, the yield of variable fluorescence (F _v/(F _o+F _v)) was unaffected by the drought treatment. The main effect of drought was upon the quenching of variable fluorescence. Both the half life of the decay of variable fluorescence (q_1/2) and the secondary maximum (M) were significantly greater in the droughted plants than in those from the irrigated treatment. Significant differences between genotypes were found forF _v/(F _o+F _v),M andq _1/2. Genotype-by-treatment interactions were non-significant for all the variables examined. Changes in chlorophyll fluorescence transients were not closely related to changes in leaf water potential.     

Relationships between numbers of main stems and yield components of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Erntestolz) as influenced by different daylengths

Summary The relationshops between numbers of main stems and some measures of growth and yield, as well as total tuber yield, were examined for potatoes grown under different daylengths. Leaf area, tuber number and tuber yield per plant increased significantly with increasing daylength and number of main stems. Numbers of main stems and leaf area were correlated positively with tuber number and tuber yield and negatively with average tuber weight. The correlations were stronger with stem number than with leaf area and were differently affected by daylength. Standard regression coefficients indicated that stem number has strong positive and negative relationships with tuber number and average tuber weight, respectively. Since tuber number was a better determinant of yeild than average tuber weight, the final relationship between the numbers of main stems and tuber yield remained positive for all daylengths. Determinants that will best explain variation in tuber total yield, tuber number, and average tuber weight are suggested.     

Mutation breeding for yield andPhytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary foliar resistance in potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Golden Wonder) using computerized image analysis in selection

Summary Using visual selection for off-types and image analysis to select against maturation mutants, a line combining improved late blight resistance and yield was isolated in an in vitro mutagenesis programme from a population of 2101 putative mutants. The adventitious regenerants from mutagenesis treatment, including spontaneous mutants (somaclonal variants), were subjected to serial subculture of the apical bud in vitro and two cycles of apical cuttings in vivo to breakdown chimeras. The selected line was stable in trials over five years; others were unstable or failed to combine improvement in late blight resistance with high yield. Leaf and tuber image analysis was used to characterize selected lines. Lines that differed most from cv. Golden Wonder in yield and late blight resistance were more easily distinguished from the control by image analysis. The role of image analysis in negative selection and in determination of the relatedness of mutants to the control is discussed.     

不同玉米自交系对大斑病和灰斑病抗性分析

选择10个我国北方常用玉米自交系,进行大斑病和灰斑病的抗性分析。结果表明,不同玉米自交系的大斑病和灰斑病存在不同的抗性差异。其中,对大斑病抗病的自交系有吉853、昌7-2、四-287和四-444;对灰斑病抗病的自交系有丹988。从大斑病和灰斑病发生时间看,两者均在玉米抽雄期以后发生,防治较为困难。     

茭白胡麻斑病菌生物学特性研究

对茭白胡麻斑病生物学特性进行了研究,结果表明：该菌菌丝生长的适宜温度10~35℃,最适温度25℃;分生孢子产生的适宜温度10~30℃,最适温度25℃;分生孢子致死温度为56℃;该菌菌丝生长和分生孢子产生的pH值3~12,最适pH值6~9,中性偏碱的条件下有利于分生孢子的形成;该菌菌丝生长最适碳源为乳糖,而产孢最适碳源为果糖;氮源酵母膏促进菌丝生长,酵母膏和氯化铵能促进产孢,牛肉膏和硝酸钾不利于产孢。     

一种用于香蕉叶斑病防治的新型施药技术

试验一种将内吸性农药稀释后灌注于香蕉叶柄基部防治香蕉叶斑病的新型精确定量施药技术。结果表明,这种施药技术与常规施药技术相比,防效相当,且对香蕉的生长无不良影响,而农药成本仅为常规防治的18%,农药利用率提高4倍,值得推广应用。     

Gummy stem blight resistance of cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)

Summary A start was made with breeding for resistance to gummy stem blight in cucumber. A method has been development for screening plants in a young stage. Using this method a distinct level of resistance was found in plants of Leningradsky, Wjarnikovsky,a P.I. entry from Birma, Rheinische Vorgebirge and a P.I.entry from Turkey. Lines developed from this material show a higher level of resistance than Dutch slicing and pickling cucumber varieties.