某流域农田土壤-水稻系统重金属空间变异特征及生态健康风险评价

为探讨某流域农田土壤-水稻重金属污染状况、空间变异特征及生态健康风险,2017年9—11月期间陆续在该流域采集水稻籽粒样品以及对应水稻田土壤样品各938个,测定其Cd、Hg、As、Pb和Cr 5种重金属含量,并基于ArcGIS和SPSS对土壤和水稻籽粒中不同的重金属生态健康风险进行评价。结果表明:从研究区土壤和水稻籽粒的重金属空间变异与分布规律来看,Cd、Hg、As和Pb为中等空间自相关性,Cr空间相关性则较弱;水稻籽粒中5种重金属的空间相关性均较弱。流域耕层土壤5种重金属中除Cr外,其余含量均较高,并且在南部中心区域呈现一个明显的大斑块污染区,向四周平缓扩散;水稻籽粒中Cd和As风险较高,主要在流域沿岸地区。从研究区土壤-水稻重金属污染风险分布情况来看,不同区域的重金属风险存在明显差异。耕层土壤重金属风险指数跨度较大,处于轻微风险;水稻籽粒风险指数跨度较小,不同区域的水稻籽粒重金属风险差异不明显,有11个点位属于中等风险级别,其余属于轻微风险级别。     

几种重金属离子对半滑舌鳎组织损伤的研究

实验室条件下,1龄半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevisG櫣nther)暴露在浓度为0·1×10-6mg/L的Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)溶液中。随暴露时间的延长,半滑舌鳎的行为发生一定的变化:Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)组的鱼行动缓慢,应激性很差,偶尔还出现不协调的颤抖性游泳行为,试验结束时几乎不摄食;Pb~(2+)和Zn~(2+)组的鱼游动积极,与实验前无大差别。利用常规组织切片法检查Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对半滑舌鳎鳃、肝脏、肾脏、脾脏、脑的组织损伤情况。结果显示,Cd~(2+)、Cu~(2+)对鳃、肝脏和肾脏的损伤最为严重,引起了次鳃小瓣结构的崩溃;肝脏细胞脂肪颗粒的变形和大量堆积,造血组织坏死;肾小球结构溃解和管细胞肥大。Pb~(2+)、Zn~(2+)组鱼次鳃小瓣基部上皮呈空泡状,粘液细胞数量减少,氯细胞肥大增生;肝脏脂肪颗粒堆积,肝细胞肥大增生;肾脏血细胞坏死,肾小管形态溃解和管细胞增生。对脾脏和脑的损伤未观察到。将行为学变化和生理损伤结合可以对在人工养殖过程中重金属的污染及早提出预警。     

Effects of Cd and Pb pollution on soil enzymatic activities and soil microbiota

Based on a representative sampling method and pot experiment with different concentrations of Cd and Pd, the enzymatic activities (urease, phosphatase, catalase, invertase), population of bacteria, fungus and actinomycete in the soil, the Cd and Pd pollution status of soil samples (from the wastewater-irrigated area of Baoding suburb) were appraised. Unitary linear and nonlinear curve-fitting optimization models were applied in the research, and the relationship between Pb and Cd causing pollution and enzymatic activities of the tested soils were discussed. The research may provide a theoretical basis for protecting the environment in the region of Baiyangdian Lake, Hebei province, prevent soil pollution, and ascertain biochemical indexes, which reflect soil heavy metal pollution levels. The research results indicated that: (1) there was obvious accumulation of Pb and Cd in the wastewater-irrigated area, also the accumulation in wastewater-irrigated soil is more than that in fresh water-irrigated soil, and accumulation on surface layer was more than that in the lower layer. Pb and Cd contents in the tested soils exceeded the standards of soil background values for some major cities at home and abroad and the world soil Cd and Pb contents range. This means that the tested soil had reached a lightly polluted level; (2) there existed an obvious negative correlation between soil enzymatic activities and Pb and Cd contents in wastewater-irrigated soil, where the soil urease and catalase activities decreased obviously with the increase of Pb and Cd contents in soil. Therefore, the urease and catalase can be considered as biochemical indexes that reflect the degree of soil Pb and Cd pollution; (3) the pot experiments indicated that the influence of Cd on soil enzymatic activities was greater than that of Pb. Generally, the effect of Cd on soil phosphatase, urease, catalase is more obvious than that on invertase, while Pb has a more obvious effect on invertase than Cd; (4) pot experiments of triple cropping showed that, Cd and Pb had an obvious inhibiting effect on microbes. The influence sensitivity of Cd and Pb on different microbes was ordered as bacteria > actinomycete > fungus. Cd had a greater inhibiting effect on microbes than Pb, the influence of Cd and Pb on actinomycete and fungus was relatively smaller, therefore, bacteria can be chosen as an important index that reflects the effect of Cd and Pb on microbe sensitivity.     

粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土对麦田重金属元素分布影响的研究

采用盆栽试验方法 ,研究了粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土的改良效果及Cd、Cr、Pb、Hg和As等重金属元素在小麦各部位的积累与分布。结果表明 :粉煤灰施入砂姜黑土可以降低土壤容重、比重及土壤粘粒含量 ,增加孔隙和土壤渗透系数。被吸收的重金属元素主要分布在根系中 ,其次是叶片 ,在茎杆、叶鞘及籽粒中的分布极少。根系对Cd和As具有富集作用 ;籽粒中Cd、Cr、Pb、As随用灰量的增加而增加 ,Hg则减少 ,但在 3 6× 10 4kg/hm2 的用灰量范围内 ,5种重金属元素在籽粒及土壤中的含量均在安全标准之内     

甲醛用量对板栗壳色素-甲醛树脂性质和吸附重金属性能的影响

采用氨催化-热固化法合成了板栗壳色素-甲醛树脂,研究了甲醛用量对所合成树脂元素组成、阳离子交换量以及吸附去除水中Cu(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)、Pb(Ⅱ)、Cd(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)性能的影响.与板栗壳色素相比,合成树脂中C、H、N元素含量以及H/C、N/C均略有增加,而O、S元素含量及其与C元素的原子数比均下降,但不同甲醛用量对所合成树脂中各元素的含量没有显著影响.多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为1.4时所合成树脂的离子交换量最大.不同重金属最适的甲醛用量不同,Cu(Ⅱ)、Hg(Ⅱ)、Zn(Ⅱ)在多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为0.825时有最优的吸附效果,Cd(Ⅱ)、Ni(Ⅱ)在多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为1.750时去除率最高,而Pb(Ⅱ)在多聚甲醛与板栗壳色素质量比为1.225时吸附效果最好.     

Regulation and function of AtNRAMP4 metal transporter protein

The NRAMP gene family encodes integral membrane proteins mediating the transport of a broad range of transition metals in bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. We studied the regulation of AtNRAMP4 in Arabidopsis. In a previous study, we showed that AtNRAMP3 and AtNRAMP4 transport manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cadmium (Cd). In this study, we show that, in contrast to AtNRAMP3, AtNRAMP4 complements the growth phenotype of the zrt1zrt2 Zn uptake deficient yeast mutant. In a previous study, we have shown that, under Fe starvation, AtNRAMP4 mRNA levels are up-regulated in Arabidopsis. To analyze the regulation of AtNRAMP4 at the protein level, we generated specific antibodies against AtNRAMP4 protein. The antiserum was able to recognize a tagged version of AtNRAMP4 expressed in yeast. The antibody did not reveal any change in AtNRAMP4 protein level upon Fe starvation in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotype Columbia plants. In AtNRAMP4 overexpressing plants, high levels of AtNRAMP4 protein could be detected. AtNRAMP4 overexpressing plants display cadmium hypersensitivity in a medium containing 50 μm FeEDTA as Fe source. However, despite the constitutive accumulation of AtNRAMP4 protein, AtNRAMP4 over-expressing plants did not display Cd hypersensitivity under high Fe supply (100 μm FeHBED). AtNRAMP4 over-expressing lines displayed the same sensitivity to Zn as controls under all conditions tested. Our results suggest a translational level for the regulation of AtNRAMP4. Over-expression of AtNRAMP4 in Arabidopsis thaliana confers a slight hypersensitivity to Cd but not to Zn.     

广西大厂矿区某屯玉米重金属污染评价

[目的]对广西大厂矿区某屯玉米重金属污染进行评价。[方法]从广西大厂矿区某屯采集玉米样品及相应的土壤样品各10个,分析了其中的As、Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu等元素的含量,并对玉米安全性进行评价。[结果]该屯10个玉米样品均受到了不同程度的重金属污染,5个样品为重污染,1个样品为中污染,4个样品为轻污染,主要超标元素是Pb和Zn。玉米对土壤中各元素的富集能力是不同的,富集系数排序为:Zn>Cu>Pb>Cd>As,说明玉米对砷和镉的富集能力较小。尽管该地区土壤中As、Cd污染很严重,但玉米中超标的主要是Zn和Pb,As和Cd反而不超标。[结论]该研究为今后广西大厂矿区农产品的安全性管理提供了科学参考。     

基于金属盐助催化剂的秸秆纤维素 稀酸水解研究

为缓解当前能源危机,寻求农作物秸秆的有效利用途径,运用稀酸水解法对秸秆纤维素进行水解实验研究。该文基于自行设计的高温高压反应装置,以玉米秸秆为原料,以还原糖得率为指标,采用正交实验设计对硫酸浓度、秸秆粉碎度及金属盐助催化剂种类与浓度四种水解条件进行了研究。实验结果表明：氯化铬、氯化亚铁、氯化铜、氯化锌四种金属盐助催化剂均提高纤维素稀酸水解效率,并得出了四种助催化剂稀酸水解纤维素的最佳反应条件。实验表明,最佳工艺条件为硫酸浓度2%、粉碎度60目、氯化亚铁浓度1%。实验结果为秸秆纤维素稀酸水解规模化生产应用奠定了基础。     

镉对苗期高羊茅的形态和生理影响

以20份高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea）品种为试验材料,通过测量其形态指标,运用标准差系数赋予权重法,对其进行综合评价。结果筛选出耐镉性较强的高羊茅材料M15和M8,分别采自美国的猎狗5和荷兰的巴弗斯;耐镉性较差的高羊茅材料M5和M11,分别采自荷兰的米斯特拉尔和来自日本的法恩。在此基础上,采用分光光度法,测定了这4份材料的生理指标,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、叶绿素和脯氨酸（Pro）含量的变化,进一步研究了他们的生理反应。结果表明,随着镉浓度的升高,耐镉性较强的高羊茅材料猎狗5与和巴弗斯POD和CAT含量一直呈上升趋势,而耐镉性较差的材料米斯特拉尔和法恩POD和CAT含量则呈现先升后降的趋势。随着镉浓度的升高,不同材料的叶绿素含量呈下降趋势,不同材料的脯氨酸含量则呈不断上升趋势。     

上海市区街道灰尘重金属污染研究

对上海市区街道灰尘重金属的分布特征、赋存形态及其生物有效性进行了研究,结果表明,市区街道灰尘中Pb、Cu、Ni和Zn的平均含量分别为264、182、86和673 mg kg-1,远高于上海市土壤环境背景值;重金属含量空间分布差异较大,Cu、Pb和Zn污染中心区主要位于商业区和内环线附近,Ni污染中心区主要位于外环线附近;市区街道灰尘中Pb主要以铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Cu主要以有机物结合态存在,Ni主要以残渣态和铁锰氧化物结合态存在,Zn主要以残渣态存在;其生物有效性表现为:Ni≈Pb>Zn>Cu。