Growth performance and carcass quality are not different between pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented low-oil DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS,but pelleting improves gain to feed ratio regardless of source of DDGS

The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that growth performance and carcass characteristics of pigs fed diets containing cold-fermented, low oil distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is not different from that of pigs fed diets containing conventional DDGS regardless of the physical form of the diets. A total of 160 barrows and gilts were used. There were 4 diets, 10 pens per diet, and 4 pigs per pen. Pigs were weaned at 21 d of age and fed a common phase 1 diet that did not contain DDGS during the initial 7 d post-weaning. Pigs were then allotted to the four diets that were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two sources of DDGS (cold-fermented and conventional DDGS) and two diet forms (meal and pellets). Pigs were fed phase 2 diets from day 7 to 21 and phase 3 diets from day 21 to 43 post-weaning. All diets were based on corn and soybean meal, but phase 2 diets also contained 15% DDGS and phase 3 diets contained 30% DDGS. From day 43, pigs were fed grower diets for 38 d, early finisher diets for 38 d, and late finisher diets for 18 d and these diets also contained 30% DDGS. Feed was provided on an ad libitum basis and daily feed allotments were recorded. Pigs were weighed at the beginning of each phase and at the conclusion of the experiment. On the last day of the experiment, the pig in each pen with a body weight that was closest to the pen average was slaughtered and carcass measurements were determined. Combined results for the two nursery phases indicated that feeding meal diets instead of pelleted diets increased (P < 0.001) average daily feed intake and decreased (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio (G:F). However, no differences between the two sources of DDGS were observed for the overall growth performance of weanling pigs. For the entire growing-finishing period, the source of DDGS did not affect growth performance, but pigs fed meal diets had reduced (P < 0.001) G:F compared with pigs fed the pelleted diets. There were no differences between the two sources of DDGS for carcass characteristics. Back fat was greater (P < 0.05) for pigs fed pelleted diets than for pigs fed meal diets. In conclusion, no differences in growth performance or carcass characteristics between pigs fed cold-fermented DDGS and pigs fed conventional DDGS were observed. However, pigs fed pelleted diets had greater G:F and greater back fat than pigs fed meal diets.     

差不嘎蒿茎叶解剖特征及其与气候因子的关系

差不嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)是我国东北部重要的防风固沙植物,本研究利用石蜡切片法观察内蒙古不同地区差不嘎蒿的叶片和茎解剖结构,运用方差分析方法比较不同地区差不嘎蒿解剖结构间的差异性,以逐步回归得出影响解剖数量特征的主导气候因子.结果表明:差不嘎蒿叶为等面叶,表皮细胞为1层,栅栏组织呈环栅型,排...     

西北旱区喷灌条件下紫花苜蓿生长特征与品质指标的关系

西北旱区由于独特的气候条件,生产的苜蓿干草品质好,产量高。如何根据苜蓿的田间指标估测干草品质参数,对于苜蓿草产品生产销售具有重要意义。研究在喷灌条件下不同灌溉量对紫花苜蓿的生长品质的影响,并利用生长指标对紫花苜蓿的品质进行预测。试验于2014至2015年于中国农业大学石羊河流域生态节水试验站进行为期2年的田间试验。试验共设3个灌溉处理:A₁灌溉量为100%紫花苜蓿蒸腾蒸散量(ETc),A₂,A₃的灌溉量分别为A₁处理的66%,33%,以及一个不灌溉处理A₄。结果表明,苜蓿生长指标如株高(H)和茎叶比(SLR)随生育期的推进呈上升趋势,而鲜干比(FDR)呈下降趋势;所有生长指标随着灌溉量的减少均呈下降趋势。在品质方面,随着生育期的推进,所有处理的粗蛋白(CP)呈下降趋势,而中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)则呈现上升趋势;随着灌溉量的降低,NDF与ADF呈下降趋势,而CP则呈上升趋势。各生长指标与品质指标的拟合结果表明,H和SLR均与各品质指标显著线性相关(P<0.001),且H与品质拟合结果相关系数最高(R²>0.900),而FDR则与各品质指标不显著。这些结果表明,在田间管理较好,长势良好,杂草与病虫害发生较少的情况下,可以用株高对苜蓿干草品质做出预测。     

一株鸭源禽流感病毒（H9N2）全基因序列分析及其排毒规律的研究

为研究一株鸭源H9N2亚型禽流感病毒(JN1株)全基因组的分子特征和遗传进化情况以及感染雏鸭后的排毒规律,对其生物学特性、全基因组序列以及遗传进化进行了分析,通过点眼滴鼻方式感染3周龄健康雏鸭,利用建立的实时荧光定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测鸭的排毒规律,并测定血清抗体效价。JNI株的鸡胚半数感染量为10~(-7.54)/0.2mL,鸡胚最小致死量的平均死亡时间为72h,静脉致病指数为0.266,抗原相关系数为0.47。系统发育分析表明,JN1株的HA与CK/HK/G9/97和DK/HK/Y280/97在同一分支上,NA、M、NP、PA、PB1、PB2基因与SH/F/98同源性较高,NS基因则与H5N1亚型禽流感病毒进化关系较近。HA的裂解位点为PSRSSR↓GL,存在6个潜在糖基化位点,在234位的氨基酸残基为L,NA基因颈部存在缺失。雏鸭在感染该病毒后,饮食正常,精神良好,3~17d均有排毒,咽拭子和泄殖腔棉拭子排毒规律基本一致,分别在第3天和第13天出现排毒高峰。该H9N2亚型禽流感病毒属欧亚大陆分支,为低致病性禽流感,病毒可通过呼吸道和泄殖腔向外界排毒,排毒时间较长。     

杂交狗牙根诱变后代综合评价

辐射育种是一种获得优良品种的快速有效的植物育种方法。本试验采用9000和11300 rads的⁶⁰Co-γ射线,对8份杂交狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon×C.transvaalensis)的匍匐茎和根状茎进行辐射诱变,从坪用价值、抗寒性和生长速度3个方面对亲本及21个后代进行综合分析与评价,以选育出坪用价值高、生长速度快且抗寒性强的优良狗牙根新种质。结果显示:诱变使狗牙根的坪用性状发生了丰富的不定向的变异,同一亲本通过诱变既可以产生良性变异,也可以产生劣性变异;综合评价结果选育出坪用价值优良的诱变后代3份,分别为C75104M2-1/1,C75502M1和C75103M1-1,其抗寒性半致死温度分别为-0.51,-3.54和-3.67℃,其中C75502M1为坪用价值高且生长速度快的优良诱变后代。     

干扰素研究进展

干扰素是一类具有广泛生物学活性的蛋白质,具有调节机体免疫功能、抗病毒、抗肿瘤等多种作用,是机体防御系统的重要组成部分。该文主要叙述了干扰素的分类基本特性,作用机理及其在人医和兽医上的应用,并指出了当前干扰素研究中存在的问题。     

Effect of dietary supplemental nicotinic acid on growth performance,carcass characteristics and meat quality in three genotypes of chicken

The effects of dietary supplemental nicotinic acid (NA) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality were investigated in three genotypes of chicken. Fast‐growing AA (Arbor Acres) broilers were compared with two genotypes of a slow‐growing local breed, Beijing‐You, that had undergone selection for and against intramuscular fat content respectively (BJY+IMF and BJY?IMF). The treatments were arranged 3 × 4 factorial completely randomized design. Day‐old females (n = 624) were allocated to four treatments with six replicates per treatment and fed diets (basal contained ～25 mg NA/kg) supplemented with 0, 30, 60 and 120 mg NA/kg. A sample of 72 birds from each genotype was slaughtered at market time (8 weeks of age for AA and 16 weeks of age for BJY). The breast muscles of AA broilers were darker, had less redness and yellowness, lower drip loss and higher shear force as compared to the BJY genotypes (p < 0.01). The highest drip loss and the lowest shear force among the three genotypes were apparent in BJY+IMF (p < 0.01). Increasing supplementation from 0 to 60 mg NA/kg tended to increase average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake, width of intermuscular fat band, thickness of subcutaneous fat (including skin) and percentage of abdominal fat but, for most variables, values decreased slightly with 120 mg NA/kg. Increasing supplementation to 60 mg NA/kg decreased (quadratic, p < 0.001) drip loss, but it increased at 120 mg NA/kg. The present results indicate that (i) the AA broilers fed corn–soybean meal based‐diets require approximately 60 mg NA/kg to maximize ADG and meat product yield and decrease the drip loss of breast muscle; (ii) the addition of 30 mg NA/kg meets the requirement of BJY genotypes; and (iii) there seems to be no beneficial effect of NA supplementation on chicken meat quality except for limiting the drip loss.     

Effect of banding or burdizzo castration on plasma testosterone, acute-phase proteins, scrotal circumference, growth, and health of bulls

The objective was to assess the effect of banding or burdizzo castration performed on farms on plasma testosterone, acute-phase proteins, scrotal circumferences, growth, and well-being of bulls. 243 Continental bulls (12 months; 399.2 ± 5.72 kg) from three different farms were allocated at random, after stratification on weight within breed type, to one of three treatment groups: banding castration (BAND; n = 80), burdizzo castration (BURD; n = 83), or controls (CON; n = 80). The castration methods were conducted under local anaesthesia, and tetanus toxoid vaccine and antibiotic were also injected at castration. BAND and BURD castrates had lower (P < 0.001) plasma testosterone concentration than control bulls, with no difference between BAND and BURD castrates on 28 d post-castration. From days 0 to 14 post-castration, BAND (P = 0.0002) and BURD (P < 0.0001) castrates had lower average daily gain (ADG) than CON bulls, no difference (P = 0.46) was found between BAND and BURD castrates. From days 15 to 28, BAND castrates had lower ADG compared with BURD castrates (P = 0.03) and CON bulls (P = 0.01), while no difference (P = 0.76) was found between BURD and CON. From days 29 to 56, BAND (P = 0.01) and BURD (P = 0.002) castrates had lower ADG than CON bulls, no difference (P = 0.55) was found between BAND and BURD. From days 57 to 84, the ADG of BAND castrates was not different compared with BURD castrates (P = 0.12) and CON bulls (P = 0.38), while BURD had lower (P = 0.02) ADG compared with CON. The integrated ADG from day 0 to 112 of BAND (P = 0.0001) and BURD (P = 0.02) groups were lower compared with CON, while there was no difference (P = 0.09) between BAND and BURD castrates. On d 14 post-castration, BAND castrates had lower scrotal temperature than BURD (P < 0.0001) and CON (P < 0.0001), and BURD castrates had greater (P < 0.006) scrotal temperature than CON; BAND castrates had lower scrotal latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences than BURD castrates (P < 0.001) and CON bulls (P < 0.001), and BURD castrates had greater (P < 0.001) scrotal latitudinal and longitudinal circumferences than CON bulls. BAND (P < 0.0001) and BURD (P = 0.01) castrates had greater glucose concentration than CON bulls, and BAND castrates had greater (P = 0.04) glucose concentration than BURD. In conclusion, BAND or BURD castration significantly reduced plasma testosterone concentration; reduced average daily weight gain mainly during the first 2 weeks, which was not compensated during the subsequent 16 weeks; increased withdrawal of stored energy and increased plasma protein concentration. BURD showed an advantage over BAND in growth during days 15 to 28 following castration.     

基于ISSR分子标记的紫云英种质资源遗传多样性及结构分析

紫云英(Astragalus sinicus L.)是我国重要的稻田绿肥作物,为揭示不同地区种质资源遗传特征,本研究利用ISSR分子标记对77份紫云英种质资源进行了遗传多样性及结构分析。研究发现,77份供试紫云英种质资源遗传相似性系数为0.567 7～0.868 6,可划分为6个聚类。不同地区群体间分化系数为0.136 3,达到极显著水平(P<0.001),其中种群间变异占比13.9%,种群内变异占比86.1%。不同ISSR引物扩增信息鉴别紫云英资源的能力存在差异,构建了以P809第3,8,9,10,12,15扩增位点以及P886第1,3,5,9,10,11扩增位点为特征的指纹图谱,能有效区分77份供试紫云英资源。以资源所在省份为单元进行群体分析,供试紫云英资源遗传结构呈现分化特征,河南-安徽-江苏-上海资源遗传结构相似,构成北方亚群;四川-广西-湖南-江西资源相似,构成西南方亚群;福建种质资源则呈现混合型特征。本研究结果可为我国紫云英种质资源的科学利用及新品种选育提供依据。     

Identification and Molecular Characteristics Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Variants

To ascertain a diarrhea case in a pig farm in Shandong province,the pathological changes of dead piglets were observed and nested RT-PCR test was carried out on 7 diarrhea samples for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).Pathological examination revealed that intestine was detected as enlargement,hyperemia and edema.After histological examination,the typical microscopic lesions of intestine were disappearance of epithelial cells,villus shrinkage and shortening.The result of nested RT-PCR showed that all of the 7 samples could amplify a specific target band of PEDV.Molecular characteristics of two field strains showed that they had an amino acid homology of 92.3% to 92.4% with vaccine CV777 and 96.6% to 98.6% with other previous field strains which sequences were downloaded from GenBank.Phylogenetic tree analysis further revealed that all of PEDV strains could be mainly divided into two clusters of G1 and G2. G2 consisted of the field strains of our study and other field strains from USA,China and so on,which had the same sequence characteristics of two insertions and one deletion,while G1 consisted of all vaccines of CV777 and several older field strains from China and Korea.These results indicated that our field strains were the dominant strains in recent epidemic diarrhea occurrence.Moreover,its molecular characteristics might be a characterization of differentiating the field and vaccine strains.