油菜抗除草剂不育系的抗性效应研究

为探明转育获得的抗除草剂不育系的抗性效应,苗期用不同浓度草甘膦处理抗草甘膦油菜不育系TA6,TA7。结果表明:随着喷药浓度增加,对叶片、茎秆和根的生长表现为不同程度的抑制作用,其中对叶片生长的影响较早且最严重,对茎秆生长的影响较迟,程度相对较轻,对根部生长的抑制作用最小,表现为先抑后扬,但随着时间推移,影响程度逐渐减轻,至喷药60 d后,油菜苗生长基本恢复正常。花期育性调查和套袋自交结果表明,抗性不育系喷施草甘膦除草剂后,育性未受任何影响,TA6,TA7的不育率和不育度均表现正常。     

移栽期气象条件对大棚草莓的影响

通过对8月29日、9月5日、9月12日移栽的大棚草莓生育期跟踪观测,分析草莓各生育期叶面积、器官干物质含量、单棵产量、总产量和气象条件的关系,研究移栽期气象条件对大棚草莓生长发育的影响。第1批移栽的草莓受连阴雨天气影响时间短,生长状况最好,叶面积指数高,各时期干物质积累均多于第2、3批;第2批受连阴雨影响时间较长,植株生长发育一般,产量也一般;而第3批受连阴雨天气影响时间最长,植株生长受严重影响,株高明显矮于前2批,生长状况也较差,前期营养积累少,果实相对较小。移栽期气象条件对大棚草莓后期生长发育和产量及品质影响较大,尤其是连阴雨天气的影响至关重要。     

Novel soil quality indicators for the evaluation of agricultural management practices: a biological perspective

Developments in soil biology and in methods to characterize soil organic carbon can potentially deliver novel soil quality indicators that can help identify management practices able to sustain soil productivity and environmental resilience. This work aimed at synthesizing results regarding the suitability of a range of soil biological and biochemical properties as novel soil quality indicators for agricultural management. The soil properties, selected through a published literature review, comprised different labile organic carbon fractions [hydrophilic dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), hot water extractable carbon and particulate organic matter carbon], soil disease suppressiveness measured using a Pythium-Lepidium bioassay, nematode communities characterized by amplicon sequencing and qPCR, and microbial community level physiological profiling measured with MicroResp^TM. Prior studies tested the sensitivity of each of the novel indicators to tillage and organic matter addition in ten European long-term field experiments (LTEs) and assessed their relationships with pre-existing soil quality indicators of soil functioning. Here, the results of these previous studies are brought together and interpreted relative to each other and to the broader body of literature on soil quality assessment. Reduced tillage increased carbon availability, disease suppressiveness, nematode richness and diversity, the stability and maturity of the food web, and microbial activity and functional diversity. Organic matter addition played a weaker role in enhancing soil quality, possibly due to the range of composition of the organic matter inputs used in the LTEs. POXC was the indicator that discriminated best between soil management practices, followed by nematode indices based on functional characteristics. Structural equation modeling shows that POXC has a central role in nutrient retention/supply, carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, erosion control and disease regulation/suppression. The novel indicators proposed here have great potential to improve existing soil quality assessment schemes. Their feasibility of application is discussed and needs for future research are outlined.     

不同土层复配方案对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机质的影响

为探究“治沟造地”重大工程项目（GLCP）中新增耕地快速改良的方法,达到营造良好土壤、提升新增耕地生产能力的目的,以延安羊圈沟流域的GLCP为背景,利用马兰黄土（ML）和红黏土（RC）对新造耕地0~30 cm土层进行复配试验。结果表明：当RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm（T3处理）时,复配层土壤孔隙度较对照处理增加了16.7%,容重下降了11.1%。与对照组相比,T3处理0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层中>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量（W_0.25）显著增加,分别增加了11.8、12.3倍和27.9倍;T2（RC为25 cm、ML为5 cm）、T3处理更利于大团聚体的形成,较对照组除在0.25~0.5、0.5~1 mm的粒级有较大增加外,在2~5 mm和>5 mm粒径范围也有明显增加。0~20 cm土层中,即使在考虑对照组前期土壤有机质积累的情况下,T3处理的土壤有机质也与对照组相近甚至更高,且高于其他试验组,表现出更好的有机质赋存能力。T3处理的玉米生长状况较好,其地上生物量最高,较对照组提高了23.9%。研究表明,当复配土壤RC为20 cm、ML为10 cm时,土壤具有最佳的性状和生产力。试验初步证明土层复配是一种可行的快速营造高质量土壤的方法,该方法可为GLCP新造地的改良及类似土地整治工程的实施提供实践参考。     

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage. In this study, a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield. Two waxy maize hybrids, Suyunuo 5(SYN5) and Yunuo 7(YN7), were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80% and 50–60%, respectively) conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017. The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4% for YN7 and SYN5, respectively, owing to the decreased grain weight and number. Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2% in YN7 and 26.3% in SYN5. The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6% in YN7 and 10.2% in SYN5, respectively. Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content, but decreased the contents of water, soluble protein, chlorophyll, and carotenoid in the leaves. The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) and antioxidant system(catalase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase) reduced the photosynthetic rate(P_n) and accelerated leaf senescence. The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition, ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.     

放牧对土壤理化性状及植被多样性的影响

放牧是家畜饲养方式之一,是草地最简单而又有效的利用方式,但放牧中的家畜家禽通过采食牧草、践踏土壤和牧草以及粪便排泄影响着草地植被和土壤,不同的强度的放牧对地下土壤与地上植被的影响不同,本文综述了近几年来放牧对地下部土壤有机质、氮、磷、钾,土壤容重、有机碳以及微生物多样性的影响,对植被多样性及草群成分的影响等,旨在为今后家畜放牧行为研究以及放牧科学研究提供理论依据。     

氮磷钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响

为明确不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦冠层不同层次光截获和干物质分配的影响,以济麦22为供试材料,设置F0（不施肥）、F1（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）、F2（N 225 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 120 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）和F3（N 270 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 165 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 105 kg·hm^-2）4个施肥量处理,比较分析开花后不同氮、磷、钾用量对小麦叶面积指数、冠层不同层次光截获特性和成熟期干物质分配的影响。结果表明,F1处理下叶面积指数显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异;开花后15 d,F1处理下小麦冠层不同层次及总PAR截获率和截获量均显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。F1处理下成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官中的分配量、籽粒中的分配量及总干物质积累量显著高于F0处理,而与F2和F3处理间无显著差异。成熟期干物质在小麦冠层不同层次营养器官和籽粒中的分配量以及总干物质积累量与冠层上层（顶部至株高2/3）、中层（株高2/3至株高1/3）和总PAR截获率均呈显著正相关。F1处理（N 180 kg·hm^-2,P₂O₅ 75 kg·hm^-2,K₂O 60 kg·hm^-2）为本试验条件下的最优处理。     

干鲜两用辣椒新品种‘安椒12’的选育

‘安椒12’是以‘m 99-6’为母本‘、538’为父本配制而成的杂交1代辣椒新品种。该品种生育期185 d左右,中早熟,始花节位8~10节;果实线形,果长22~25 cm,横径1.8~2.0 cm,平均单果质量21 g,最大单果质量36 g,连续坐果性强,最多可连续不间断坐果136个;早春栽培前期平均667 m^2产量900~1 200 kg,667 m^2总产量3 500~4 500 kg;产量高,抗性强,嫩果绿色,老果红色,适合鲜食和加工。适宜在河南、河北等省春季保护地或春季露地种植。2010年被评为河南省科技进步三等奖;2018年通过了非主要农作物品种登记。     

Strategy to identify resistance to white mould associated with high yield for irrigated common bean in Brazil

Development of common bean cultivars with partial white mould resistance through breeding techniques has been a challenge in Brazil. As yet, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes have not been investigated for resistance; therefore, this study screened 107 lines/cultivars for their reactions to white mould in 14 preliminary trials conducted under irrigation. Thirteen resistant lines/cultivars (three of Andean origin) and six Mesoamerican cultivars (three intermediately resistant and three susceptible) were selected for further investigation. These lines/cultivars and the resistant control A195 were evaluated in six advanced trials and two straw tests to assess the effectiveness of the screening procedure. In 11 preliminary trials, screenings were performed under moderate/high or higher disease pressure. These pressures occurred in two advanced trials in which, when yields were averaged across moderate/high and high pressures, 10 Mesoamerican lines/cultivars selected for resistance yielded 14%, 23%, and 38% more than intermediately resistant cultivars, A195, and susceptible cultivars, with median disease ratings (1–9 scale) of 4.5, 5.7, 5.7, and 6.7, respectively. In the straw test, three Andean lines/cultivars (A195 included) and two susceptible cultivars in the field were among those with the highest levels of physiological resistance. Thus, field rating under high disease pressure and greenhouse rating did not correlate significantly, suggesting that field trials are critical to evaluating resistance and to identifying high-yielding beans. Therefore, lines/cultivars from breeding programmes assessed in field trials may provide a low cost and fast way to identify high-yielding bean cultivars with partial resistance to white mould in the subtropical southern hemisphere.     

马铃薯镰刀菌干腐病研究进展及防控手段

马铃薯是世界第四大粮食作物。马铃薯干腐病是一种重要的马铃薯收获后真菌病害,在我国各马铃薯产区内广泛发生,导致马铃薯块茎的商品薯率大幅下降,对马铃薯的产量造成严重经济损失。本文针对马铃薯干腐病的症状、发生与危害、病原菌种类以及综合防控手段进行综述,以期为病害的研究及防治提供参考。