不同波长选择方法在土壤有机质含量检测中对比研究

由于近红外光谱数据的多重共线性,特征波长选择一直是近红外光谱分析技术的重要研究内容。以108个土壤样本光谱数据和土壤有机质(SOM)含量为研究对象,以连续投影算法（SPA）、间隔偏最小二乘法（IPLS）、竞争自适应重加权采样法（CARS）三种典型的特征波长选择算法进行近红外光谱波长选择和土壤有机质含量建模。研究结果表明,基于上述三种方法提取的特征波长所建立的模型预测能力均优于全谱模型。其中,基于SPA算法的MLR预测模型精度最优,预测集相关系数（Rp）和均方根误差（RMSEP）分别为0970 2和1.214 4,模型参数只有6个。因此,SPA-MLR可以有效地应用近红外光谱的建模,并且简化模型的复杂度,提高模型的计算效率。     

适宜机插的优质籼稻品种筛选及其评价指标体系

为了筛选适宜贵州稻区机插的优质籼稻品种,建立适宜机插优质籼稻品种的评价关键指标体系,以近年选育的34个优质籼稻品种为试验材料,在贵州省遵义市湄潭县进行机插试验,对各品种的秧苗素质以及机插条件下水稻分蘖生长、干物质积累、抗倒伏性、产量及其构成因素进行研究。结果表明,机插条件下34个优质籼稻的产量变幅为6.1~10.5 t·hm-2,结合两步聚类算法,以产量为依据将参试品种划分为适宜机插和不适宜机插两类。适宜机插优质籼稻类型主要表现为产量均高于8.25 t·hm-2,其成苗率高、秧苗均匀性好、幼苗健壮;分蘖早生快发,易形成充足的有效穗数;植株能获得较高的花前和花后干物质积累量,并重新分配到籽粒;茎秆粗壮,基部3个节间平均抗折力强,倒伏指数小。综合来看,F优498、晶两优534和蓉18优2348等15个优质籼稻品种适宜贵州地区机插,且适宜机插优质籼稻关键评价指标为：成苗率>85%,秧苗均匀性>1.5苗·cm-2;倒伏指数<150%,基部3个节间平均抗折力>1 500 g;产量>8.25 t·hm-2,有效穗数225×104～300×104 hm-2,每穗粒数>140粒,结实率>75%,成熟期干物质积累量>15 t·hm-2,收获指数>0.45。研究为机插专用优质籼稻品种选育及应用提供理论依据。     

垄作稻鱼鸡共生对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响

为了探究水稻垄作栽培和稻鱼鸡共生模式的结合对水稻群体生长特性及产量形成的影响,在总结前人垄作栽培、稻鱼和稻鸡共生模式的研究基础上,提出了水稻垄作栽培养鸡养鱼的种养结合技术,通过设计常规水稻垄作栽培(CK)、水稻垄作养鱼(RF)、水稻垄作养鸡(RC)和水稻垄作养鸡养鱼(RFC)的田间对比试验,研究了不同垄作稻鱼鸡共生模式下的水稻群体生长特性和产量形成。结果表明：与CK处理相比,2年中RFC和RC处理的水稻平均产量能够维持稳定,平均有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重虽有差异,但均未达到显著性差异;RF处理水稻产量、有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率和千粒重平均降幅分别为29.98%、19.70%、484%、3.99%和5.74%,且均达到显著性水平。2年中RFC、RC处理的茎、叶和穗的干物质平均积累量与CK处理整体不存在显著差异,但较RF处理均显著增加。RFC、RC和CK处理水稻茎和叶在齐穗前干物质积累量显著高于RF处理,平均增幅分别为56.23%、50.66%和54.15%,齐穗后干物质积累量的降幅慢于RF处理,并且维持叶面积指数在较高水平,平均增幅为41.38%、38.35%和38.23%。2年中RFC、RC和CK处理较RF处理均具有较高的群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势,其中群体生长速率增幅分别为77.94%、70.29%和7669%,净同化率为40.07%、39.47%和38.87%,光合势为38.39%、35.49%和35.94%,进而为稻穗积累更多的干物质量和产量的形成奠定基础。综上可知,垄作稻鱼鸡共生和垄作稻鸡共生利于水稻的干物质积累及叶面积指数、群体生长速率、净同化率和光合势的提高,进而保证水稻产量稳定。     

播期对直播水稻产量、花后各器官干物质和氮素积累及转运的影响

为探究播期对直播水稻产量、花后干物质和氮素积累与转运的影响,以水稻品种白粳1号、长白9号和龙粳31号为供试材料,设置3个播期（SD1、SD2和SD3）,比较不同播期条件下3个品种的产量、抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累与转运特点。3个品种抽穗期和成熟期各器官干物质及氮素积累量、抽穗至成熟期各器官干物质及氮素转运量和产量均表现为SD2>SD3>SD1。相关分析表明,产量与成熟期穗干物质及氮素积累量呈显著正相关,与叶片干物质和氮素转运量呈显著正相关。在本试验条件下,播期的推迟提高了3个品种有效穗数及结实率,进而提高了产量,同时促进了各器官物质转运量与转运率的提高。各品种SD2处理的产量及花后干物质、氮素积累量最高,SD2为适宜播期。     

年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响

基于2011-2016年大田试验和气象数据资料,研究了年际气象差异对西南丘陵区玉米物质积累与产量的影响,以期为西南丘陵区玉米生产的高产稳产提供理论支持。结果表明：西南丘陵地区雨热资源丰富,但气象因素存在明显的年际波动,降水量波动最大,积温波动最小,且玉米各生育阶段降水、积温和光照配置也有所不同。积温是该区玉米生育前期形态建成的主要限制因子,花前积温、花后日照和降水共同调控玉米的干物质积累与转运,而后期产量形成是各气象因子综合作用的结果。花后日照直接影响玉米穗部性状（穗长、穗粗）和产量构成（穗粒数、千粒重）,从而调控玉米的产量;花后积温和降水则通过影响玉米的穗粒数和千粒重对最终产量产生影响。因此,西南丘陵地区玉米在生产过程中可以通过调整播期,适当提高生育前期积温,促进植株生长发育,提高源器官的形态建成,为花后光合生产奠定良好的基础;减少花后降水量,提高花后日照时数,改善籽粒灌浆,提高籽粒充实度,从而实现高产。     

甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种的一个特例

2005年采用高胡萝卜素、低干双亲的特殊组合‘浙薯81’ב浙薯255’创制出甘薯优异高干红肉品种‘浙薯13’。为了探索甘薯胡萝卜素含量、干率聚合育种新方法,2016年对这一双亲的正反交组合F1胡萝素含量、干率进行了测定和遗传分离规律分析。结果表明,正反交组合的胡萝卜素含量遗传主要受非加性效应控制,组合传递力分别为45.32%和49.73%。干率不仅存在加性效应,而且呈明显的超亲遗传,正反交组合的超亲优势分别达到15.12%和12.75%,超高亲率约70%,呈现相当于高干×低干的遗传分离,中、高干类型比例高达60%左右,其中高干类型比例约28%。杂交后代含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥3 mg/100 g FW的株系占26.10%,含有干率≥25%、胡萝卜素含量≥10 mg/100 g FW的株系占9.78%。干率是甘薯食味的主要影响因子。因此,‘浙薯81’与‘浙薯255’杂交可以高效地聚合胡萝卜素含量和干率,大幅度提高优质食用高胡萝卜素育种的筛选效率。     

Long-term consequences of topsoil mining on select biological and physical characteristics of two New Zealand loessial soils under grazed pasture

Soil chemical, biochemical, biological and structural properties were measured in two New Zealand loessial soils that were topsoil-mined 10 and 25 years ago respectively. Measurements at the 10-year site were compared to some earlier measurements made at this site and the data combined in a chronological sequence for analysis. Topsoil mining had a large, detrimental impact on the soil microbial biomass, the earthworm populations, easily mineralizable N and soil enzyme activities. However, most of these properties substantially recovered, to 80-90 per cent of the levels in unmined soils, within 10-25 years of restoration under pasture. In contrast, while total soil C and N were less affected by topsoil mining, their recovery was much slower. Stabilities of macro-aggregates of soil had fully recovered within 10-25 years after topsoil mining. The apparent changes in all the measured properties between 10 and 25 years of restoration were small in comparison with changes between 0-10 years of restoration after topsoil mining. The total C content of both soils under pasture appeared unlikely to attain the levels present in unmined soils. In soils undergoing restoration, the ratio of microbial C/total soil C may be a useful index of soil ‘biological stability’. Sulphatase activity may reflect the recovery of pasture production.     

Soil degradation in the tropical lowlands of Santa Cruz,Eastern Bolivia

This paper examines the soil degradation processes that are threatening the productivity of the mechanized annual cropping areas in the Santa Cruz lowlands of tropical eastern Bolivia. The dominant process is that of machinery-induced and natural compaction, which has resulted in an estimated 50 per cent of the soils in the Central Zone being moderately to severely compacted, causing serious root restriction and the loss of both transmission and water-storage pores. Degradation has made the soils increasingly susceptible to moisture stress due to the combined effect of (i) restricted rooting as a result of compaction and the hardsetting characteristics of the soils, (ii) reduced rainfall infiltration due to the loss of transmission pores and surface crusting, and (iii) a decrease in available soil moisture caused by the loss of storage pores, the incorporation of wind-blown fine sand deposits, and soil organic matter losses due to accelerated decomposition rates. The loss of transmission pores has also made the soils more prone to waterlogging in periods of high rainfall. The degradation tendencies of these soils are exacerbated by the greater variability of seasonal rainfall during the last 20 years that has led to a greater frequency or extremely high or extremely low rainfall events than hitherto.     

浙西南山区旱地多熟间套作不同培肥方法的效果研究

通过采取一年三熟间套作三年定位培肥的方法,设三季栏肥还地、三季秸秆 冬绿肥还地、三季秸秆还地、冬绿肥还地及主施化肥(对照)等5个处理,进行不同培肥方法对一年三熟间套作物增产效果和土质改良效果的研究。试验结果表明:栏肥还地对各熟作物增产效果显著,并有效改善了土壤肥力,其次为三季秸秆 冬绿肥>三季秸秆>冬绿肥>对照。     

Increasing the appropriate seedling density for higher yield in dry direct-seeded rice sown by a multifunctional seeder after wheat-straw return

Dry direct-seeded rice(DDR) sown using a multifunctional seeder that performs synchronous rotary tillage and sowing has received increased attention because it is highly efficient, relatively cheap, and environmentally friendly. However,this method of rice production may produce lower yields in a rice–wheat rotation system because of its poor seedling establishment. To address this problem, we performed field experiments to determine the rice yield at five seedling density levels(B1, B2, B3, B4,...