施氮和灌溉管理下作物产量和土壤生化性质

氮和水对作物生长非常重要,研究施氮和灌溉管理下作物产量、土壤性质以及它们的关系对我国农业科学有重要意义。本文以中国科学院封丘农业生态试验站为平台,研究了施氮(每季施氮150 kg·hm?2、190 kg·hm?2、230 kg·hm?2、270 kg·hm?2,以不施氮为对照)和灌溉(灌溉量达到0~20 cm、0~40 cm、0~60 cm土壤的田间持水量,以雨养为对照)管理下小麦-玉米轮作系统作物产量和土壤生化性质,以及它们之间的关系。研究结果表明,150~270 kg·hm?2施氮量对2008年、2009年玉米产量和2009年、2010年小麦产量无显著影响;灌溉对2010年玉米产量无显著影响,而2008年、2009年玉米产量随灌溉量增大而增加。尽管2008—2011年小麦产量随灌溉量变化趋势不一致,但与雨养相比灌溉提升了小麦产量。施氮在不同程度上提升了土壤全氮和速效氮含量、脱氢酶和脲酶活性、微生物生物量碳、基本呼吸和硝化势,稍微降低了土壤pH并大幅降低了速效磷含量(降幅48.7%~51.6%);灌溉提升了土壤全氮含量和脱氢酶活性,降低了全钾含量、脲酶活性、基本呼吸、硝化势。多元回归分析显示,某些土壤生化性质(全氮、溶解性有机碳、速效磷含量及微生物生物量碳氮、呼吸熵、硝化势)与2009年、2010年玉米产量很好地线性拟合。综上,土壤生化性质因施氮和灌溉发生不同程度的分异,因施氮和灌溉而分异的土壤生化性质能部分地鉴定作物产量。本研究方法可为产量主导因子的筛选及产量估算模型的建立提供一定参考依据。     

Influence of Cation Proportions of the Nutrient Solution on Tipburn Incidence in Strawberry Plants

To determine their influence on leaf tipburn incidence and yields six nutrient solutions with different proportions of potassium (K), calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg) were tested in ‘Camarosa’ strawberry plants. Response models were made to predict tipburn incidence, yields and fruit weight. A high Ca proportion in the nutrient solution was determinant for high yields in the first season, while a high Mg content was fundamental for high marketable yields during the two last seasons. In 2001 and 2002, the average fruit weight was higher with high Mg levels, and in 2000 the lowest fruit weights coincided with low levels of Ca in the nutrient solution. The models for tipburn incidence in 2000 and 2002 indicated that solutions with intermediate to high levels of Mg and intermediate to low levels of Ca resulted in a more frequent incidence of tipburn. Conversely, in 2001, the highest tipburn incidence appeared with high K contents.     

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN AND SULFUR ON YIELD AND SEED QUALITY OF THREE CANOLA CULTIVARS

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) fertilizers on yield and seed quality of three canola cultivars, a factorial based on randomized complete block experiment was conducted during 2005–2006 in Iran. Treatments included four nitrogen rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha^?1 source of urea), four sulfur rates (0, 100, 200, and 300 kg S ha^?1), and three cultivars (‘Pf’, ‘Option-500’, and ‘Hyola-401’). Results indicated cultivar had a significant effect on all studied traits. ‘Option-500’ and ‘Hyola-401’ cultivars had the highest seed yield, protein content, and N:S ratio in seed. The levels of 150 and 220 kg N ha^?1 resulted in the maximum protein content. Increasing N levels resulted in N content and decreased the oil content. The interaction effect between S and N levels showed the highest N content in seed was obtained with 300 kg S ha^?1 and 225 kg N ha^?1.     

Nitrogen and phosphorus requirements of different wheat plant types under dryland and irrigated conditions 1

The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plant type in major producing areas of the U.S. is changing rapidly from tall cultivars to high‐yielding semidwarf cultivars. Objectives of experiments were to determine if nitrogen and phosphorus nutritional requirements differ between traditional tall cultivars and modern semidwarf cultivars under dryland and irrigated conditions. ‘Larned’, a tall cultivar; ‘Newton’, a semidwarf cultivar; and ‘Plainsman V, a high‐protein semidwarf cultivar, were grown with all combinations of three nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 84, and 168 kg N/ha) and two phosphorus fertilizer levels (0 and 90 kg P₂O₅/ha) at Colby, Kansas for two years. Three levels of irrigation—dryland, limited irrigation, and full irrigation—were applied. Grain yields were highest with 84 kg N/ha under dryland and with 168 kg N/ha under irrigation. Phosphorus increased grain yield under dryland conditions one year, but had no effect under irrigated conditions. Cultivar X nutrition interactions from differential yield responses to fertility levels occurred under the dryland and limited irrigation regimes one year. Grain protein content was increased by nitrogen fertilization under all regimes both years and was decreased only by phosphorus fertilization under dryland conditions one year. Cultivar X nitrogen interactions for grain protein occurred under all irrigation regimes. We concluded that nutrient requirements do not differ between tall and semi dwarf wheat culti‐vars under any irrigation regime. Raising the recommended level of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, should be considered for all cultivars, both tall and semidwarf.     

Evaluation of growth indices and quantitative traits of safflower under organic farming and conventional agriculture

Application of organic fertilizers in sustainable agriculture systems improves yield sustainability of field crop production. The current research has been formed to investigate the effects of various levels of vermicompost (zero, 3, 6 and 9 t ha^?1) in combination with foliar spraying of potassium humate (0, 1, 2 and 3 mL L^?1) on spring safflower, in Iran during 2012–2013. In addition, inorganic fertilization has been considered as conventional agriculture (CA). In the current experiment, growth indices, seed yield, yield components and flower yield were evaluated. The results showed that the maximum leaf area index, total dry weight and crop growth rate have been determined at 9 t ha^?1 vermicompost and 3 mL L^?1 K-humate while the maximum netto assimilation rate has existed in CA at the emergence of flower buds. Likewise, the results indicated that vermicompost leads to a significant increase in seed yield, flower yield and yield components except 1000 seed weight. Flower yield, head number per plant and seed number per head were affected by K-humate concentrations and increased significantly from 1 to 3 mL L^?1. It should be mentioned that 9 t ha^?1 vermicompost and 3 mL L^?1 K-humate produced the highest seed and flower yield.     

纽荷尔脐橙叶片矿质元素含量适宜值的研究

 在闽西北中亚热带红壤地区,采集纽荷尔脐橙[Citrus sinensis（L.）Osbeck‘Newhall’],50个果园（范围N25°3′27″ ~ N27°8′、海拔160 ~ 660 m）,100个单株的叶片、土壤和果实样品,研究果实品质及株产等级与26个矿质元素的关系。结果表明：①果实品质受叶片矿质元素的影响依次为：可溶性固形物（36.5%,贡献率,下同）> 粗纤维（27.1%）> 可滴定酸（20.0%）> 单果质量（16.1%）;叶片矿质元素对品质影响的贡献率依次为：K（15.8%）> Cu（11.3%）> Ca（11.2 %）> N（10.5%）> Ni、B（8.7%）> Cd（7.8%）> P（7.4%）> Mg（7.3%）,累计贡献88.7%。②叶片矿质元素对株产等级影响的标准回归系数排序为：La（–0.553）> Ni（–0.405）> Zn（+ 0.395）> Cu（–0.377）。③推荐16项叶片矿质元素诊断标准“元素（< 缺乏;适宜下限 ~ 适宜上限;> 过量）”：N（2.7% ~ 3.2%）、P（0.13% ~ 0.20%）、K（1.2% ~ 1.9%;> 2.2%）、Ca（2.5% ~ 4.0%）、Mg（< 0.20%;0.22% ~ 0.45%）、Cu（5.0 ~ 25 mg · kg^-1;> 60 mg · kg^-1）、Zn（20 ~ 50 mg · kg^-1）、Fe（50 ~ 200 mg · kg^-1）、Mn（20 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、B（< 20 mg · kg^-1;35 ~ 150 mg · kg^-1）、Mo（0.05 ~ 1.0 mg · kg^-1）、S（0.28% ~ 0.40%）、Cl（< 0.2%;> 0.5%）;限量元素Ni（≤ 3.0 mg · kg^-1）、Cd（≤ 0.3 mg · kg^-1）、La（≤ 12 mg · kg^-1）。     

抗旱新品种沧麦15丰产性、稳产性、适应性分析

为了全面了解小麦新品种沧麦15的生产特性,以2 a的区域生产试验产量结果为依据,通过产量、变异系数、高稳系数和回归系数分别对参试品种丰产性、稳定性和适应性进行比较、分析。结果表明：沧麦15表现为较好的丰产性、稳定性和适应性,通过抗性鉴定沧麦15表现为较好的抗旱性,是一个比较理想的高产冬小麦新品种。     

涌泉根灌对山地梨枣产量形成及水分利用的影响

【目的】探讨不同灌水定额下涌泉根灌对山地梨枣树生理指标、产量和水分利用效率的影响,为山地梨枣的生产管理提供参考。【方法】以8年生梨枣树为对象,采用涌泉根灌方式,设33,132,264 m³/hm² 3个灌水定额处理,同时在相同灌水定额下,以滴灌、管灌为对照,比较各灌水定额下不同灌水方式对梨枣产量形成及水分利用的影响。【结果】与滴灌和管灌相比,涌泉根灌能够维持甚至促进枣吊的生长,同时可以维持或者减少枣树的新梢生长量和落果率。随着灌水定额的增大,新梢生长量、枣吊和梨枣落果率总体上呈增加趋势,但因灌水方式不同而存在差异。在供试3个灌水定额条件下,枣树的产量、水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率均表现为涌泉根灌和滴灌较管灌显著提高。不论采用何种灌水方式,随灌水定额的增加,枣树的产量和水分利用效率增大到一定程度后均不再持续增加,但灌溉水利用效率均随灌水定额的增大而减小。【结论】涌泉根灌是一种值得推广的高效节水灌溉技术。     

超高产橡胶芽接树叶片矿质养分特性研究

对云南省西双版纳地区出现的极少数超高产橡胶芽接树(砧木为无选择种子砧木,接穗为PB86)的叶片养分特性等进行研究。结果表明:与我国现有指标比较,超高产橡胶芽接树和普通橡胶芽接树叶片的全N、全P、全Mg、N/K和Mg/P的比值均表现为缺乏或极缺乏,而全钙和K/P表现丰富。这一结果与我国现行的橡胶树叶片养分诊断指标出入颇大。同时,超高产橡胶芽接树的叶片全N、全P、N/P和N/K比值均显著或极显著低于对照树,而叶片全K、K/P和K/Ca比值却显著或极显著地高于对照树。原因可能是由于超高产芽接树在矿质养分吸收、运转和分配机制上不同于普通芽接树。     

不同氮肥水平下杂交粳稻滇杂35产量分析

 在不同施氮（0,150,300,450kg/hm2）条件下,对滇杂35及其亲本（母本合系42-5A, 父本南34）以及全国超级稻品种楚粳27的产量进行分析。结果表明：在土壤供氮水平较高条件下（土壤碱解氮154mg/kg）,随施氮量的增加,滇杂35及合系42-5B的产量明显下降（P＜005）,南34的产量显著增加（P＜005）,楚粳27的产量差异不明显。在不施氮和施氮量150kg/hm2的条件下,滇杂35的产量表现均优于其余供试材料,特别是不施氮条件下产量差异尤为明显,较合系42-5B,南34和楚粳27分别高3144%, 3856%, 2477%。此结果与滇杂35多年的推广生产结果一致,表明滇杂35特别在适合土壤氮肥较低的地区推广种植。