Mechanisms of Reproductive Thermotolerance in Gossypium hirsutum: The Effect of Genotype and Exogenous Calcium Application

Although photosynthetic thermotolerance has been investigated extensively in cotton leaves, reports on the biochemical influence of the pistil in promoting fertilization thermostability are limited. To evaluate the effect of temperature, genotype, and exogenous calcium application on fertilization and pistil biochemistry in cotton, thermosensitive (cv. ST4554 B2RF) and thermotolerant (cv. VH260) plants were grown under control (30/20 °C) or high‐temperature (38/20 °C) conditions during flowering, and exogenous CaCl₂ was applied to flowers 1 day prior to anthesis. Measured pistil parameters included fertilization efficiency; protein concentration; glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and NADPH oxidase activities; and ATP and calcium levels. Exogenous calcium had no effect on reproductive thermostability due to poor calcium uptake under high temperature. High temperature resulted in a 19.2 % decline in fertilization efficiency for ST4554 but no change in fertilization efficiency for VH260 relative to optimal temperature conditions. Pre‐stress glutathione reductase and SOD activities were higher in VH260 than ST4554 pistils, and calcium and ATP content were higher in VH260 than ST4554 pistils. It was concluded that pre‐stress antioxidant enzyme activity, ATP and calcium content of the pistil may be associated with reproductive thermotolerance in cotton. These findings should be confirmed in future experiments with a larger number of cultivars.     

Phytophthora boehmeriae boll rot: a new threat to cotton cultivation in the mediterranean region

A boll rot of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was observed for the first time in Greece in August 1993 in Larissa and Volos counties, and in August and September 1995 in Trikala and Phthiotis counties. Fungi of the genusPhytophthora were isolated from diseased plants. Morphological characteristics of the pathogen were recorded on mounts made directly from the infected tissues or after growth of the isolated fungus on corn meal agar or sterile distilled water. Colony morphology, growth rates, features of asexual and sexual structures and maximum growth temperatures were examined. APhytophthora species new to Europe,Phytophthora boehmeriae Sawada, attacking cotton bolls, was identified. The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by artificial inoculations of detached cotton bolls. Analysis of α-esterase isozymes revealed unique banding patterns for isolates ofP. boehmeriae compared with those ofP. cactorum andP. parasitica, which arePhytophthora species with similar morphology.     

棉花铃重AFLP标记的初步研究

本文以陆地棉铃重近等基因系为材料(大铃≥5.4g,小铃≤1.7g),构建大小铃两个近等基因池.利用AFLP标记技术对两基因池进行分析,64对引物组合共产生3840条稳定、清晰扩增带.五条扩增带在两基因池间呈现多态性,其中四条差异带出现在大铃基因池,编号分别为LB-1、LB-2、LB-3和LB-4;一条出现在小铃基因池,编号为SB-1.模板浓度梯度分析表明,在一定范围内,酶切模板浓度对AFLP结果影响较小.利用稍作修改的CTAB法提取的棉花DNA可用于AFLP分析.     

长江流域国家棉花区域试验审定品种的主要特征特性演变分析(英文)

[目的]采用GGE双标图方法分析历年长江流域棉花区域试验中通过国审的棉花品种的特征特性,探索棉花品种类型和特征的演化趋势。[方法]依据国家棉花品种审定标准对品种进行分类和综合评价指数构建。采用GGE双标图分析1981~2012年期间长江流域53个国审棉花品种主要目标性状的相关性。根据区域试验历年采用的对照品种,将区域试验数据分为5个时期,分析各时期内审定品种类型的比例和总体评价指数的变化动态。[结果]棉花育种目标性状间存在着复杂的相关关系,有必要采用评价指数方法对品种进行综合评价。品种类型的变化动态研究表明,Ⅱ型品种开始于泗棉3号时期,其后呈下降趋势;Ⅲ型品种在各个时期均有一定比例,总体呈上升趋势;Ⅳ型品种为1993年前审定品种的主要类型,在泗棉3号时期以后占比例较小,且呈下降趋势。评价指数的动态变化表明,2003年前品种都在目前合格线以下;2004~2008年期间审定品种总体评分较高;2009年后审定品种的总体评分仅略高于合格线。[结论]长江流域的棉花育种和品种审定中应更注重对马克隆值的改良和评价,以引导棉花丰产性和纤维品质的协调发展。     

棉花航天诱变农艺性状的变异分析

利用“实践八号”卫星搭载不同类型棉花(Gossypium spp)品种(系),系统地研究航天处理后代主要农艺性状的变异.结果表明,航天诱变对棉花各品种农艺性状的变异主要表现在SP1代,且农艺性状的变异大多表现出双向性.在形态变异方面,海岛棉远多于陆地棉;在农艺性状的变异方面,SP1代夏棉比春棉变异多,SP2代夏棉的变异减少而春棉的变异增加;就单个农艺性状而言,航天诱变后代变异度最大的是铃数,变异度最小的是播种至开花的天数.     

鲁棉6号体细胞胚胎发生过程及植株再生

以黄河流域棉花品种鲁棉6号为试验材料,以易再生的棉花品系YZ1为对照,通过不同质量浓度的激素组合成功诱导鲁棉6号产生体细胞胚并发育成苗。结果表明:所用的12种激素组合均能有效诱导出愈伤组织,其中以1.0 mg/L IBA或0.1 mg/L 2,4-D和0.2 mg/L KT组合的诱导效果最佳;愈伤组织继代时培养基中生长素质量浓度减半,KNO3质量浓度加倍;挑选黄绿色或灰绿色、质地疏松的颗粒状愈伤继代于0.01 mg/L 2,4-D和0.1 mg/L KT或0.1 mg/L IBA且KNO3用量加倍的培养基中,可在1~2个月内产生胚性愈伤组织,胚性愈伤组织再转到分化培养基上可产生体细胞胚;体细胞胚在1/2 MS培养基中进一步发育成再生小苗。利用该组织培养再生系统,鲁棉6号和YZ1都能在6~8个月内成功获得再生植株。组织学观察表明,IBA处理下鲁棉6号胚性愈伤组织细胞主要来源于棉花下胚轴初生形成层的细胞。     

Nitrogen Assimilation and Growth of Cotton Seedlings under NaCl Salinity and in Response to Urea Application with NBPT and DCD

Salinity stress and inefficient nitrogen fertilization adversely affect cotton growth and yield. The effect of salinity on the growth and stress response of cotton seedlings and the effect on N‐use efficiency from the use of the inhibitors of urease (NBPT) and nitrification (DCD) under salinity stress were studied in growth chambers. The study consisted of three levels of salinity – low (0.45 dS m^?1), moderate (8 dS m^?1) and high (16 dS m^?1) – and five N treatments – unfertilized control, 100 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea, 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT and 80 % N rate with urea +NBPT + DCD. The results indicated that salinity stress reduced plant growth (low leaf area and plant dry matter), decreased N assimilation (low NR, GS and protein), increased plant stress response (high GR and SOD), and decreased leaf chlorophyll, stomatal conductance and quantum yield. Addition of NBPT to urea improved N uptake by 22 % under low salinity; however, this effect was not observed with increasing salinity. No benefit of addition of DCD was observed in any of the parameters collected. In conclusion, salinity stress hindered the performance of the additive NBPT and negatively affected the growth and physiology of cotton.     

雹灾后施氮配合中耕对棉花14C同化物生产及运转分配的影响

运用＾１５Ｎ和＾１４Ｃ示踪技术，研究了雹灾后施氮配合中耕对棉株吸氮动态，吸氮量，＾１４Ｃ同化物生产及运转分配的影响。研究结果表明，蕾期遭受雹灾后及对施氮并配合中耕，可使棉株开始吸收肥料氮的时间提前，棉株吸氮量、含氮量和肥料利用率也显著提高。棉株花铃期的相对光合作用强度（以放射性比强表示）和＾１４ＣＯ２同化量均显著高于单纯施氮处理和对照。而且，棉株的同化产物以较大的比例转运至生殖器官特别是成铃中，并     

不同钾效率棉花基因型对低钾胁迫的反应

采用盆栽试验,对通过苗期筛选获得的4个(103、122、163、165)钾效率不同的棉花基因型进行全生育期试验,主要研究在不施钾(K2O 0 g.kg-1)与施钾(K2O 0.80 g.kg-1)条件下各部位钾含量、农艺性状、产量和纤维品质的反应。高效高潜基因型103结桃数最多,而脱落率最低;它的衣分高而子指较低,说明其能把较多养分转移到皮棉,以获得较高的经济产量;其单株皮棉产量在缺钾和施钾条件下分别是低效低潜基因型122的2.57倍和1.83倍;低效低潜基因型122的脱落率在各个时期均最高,结桃数最少,单铃重、子指、单株皮棉产量都是最小。103各个部位钾含量较低,122的钾含量则较高,说明103以较低的钾含量即能维持其正常的生长,这或许是其钾高效的因素之一;施钾显著提高了各个基因型的纤维整齐度、比强度、纤维长度和麦克隆值,但降低了伸长率;103衣分最高,纤维长度、整齐度、比强度、伸长率中等,麦克隆值施钾和缺钾分别是A1和C2级。122纤维长度为最高,衣分、整齐度、比强度中等,其伸长率最低,麦克隆值B1级。高效低潜基因型163、165的产量和纤维品质等表现中低水平。     

农艺因素对杂交棉浙杂166纤维产量和品质的影响及若干生理性状的杂种优势

在三个地区进行了大田试验和盆栽试验,研究农艺因素对杂交棉浙杂166的纤维产量和品质的影响及杂交种若干生理性状的杂种优势。结果表明,最佳种植密度和氮肥用量因地区而异,金华点要比杭州和慈溪要求较低的种植密度和较高的氮肥用量;播种日期以4月15日播种地膜覆盖的处理铃数最多。从纤维产量和衣指上看,最适密度和氮肥用量分别为每公顷4.5万株和180kg,播种日期为杭州和慈溪为4月15日,金华为4月20日,播种后全部地膜覆盖。不同密度、氮肥用量及播种期之间,纤维品质无显著差异,但慈溪点表现为N1(135kg·hm 2)处理的纤维长度显著低于其它氮肥用量较多的处理。叶绿素含量(以SPAD表示)生育期间变异很大,在初花期和吐絮期,杂交种浙杂166高于其双亲和常规品种泗棉3号,而在盛花期和结铃期恰好相反。杂种及其双亲的MDA含量在生育期间也表现出较大的变化,且杂种的变化模式与不育系相似,表现为蕾期较低,而初花期及此后保持较高。与双亲相比,浙杂166具有明显的SOD杂种优势,生育期间的变化模式也与不育系相似。