棉花根际解钾细菌的生理活性和促生效果

考察优良棉花根际解钾菌株K1111、K1114、K2115、K3105和K3205的溶磷、解钾、产铁载体和产吲哚乙酸等生理活性。将其接种到棉花根际,通过盆栽试验,研究5株菌株对棉花根系发育与生长的影响。结果表明,这5株菌的产铁载体能力均达到5+(极高量)水平;分泌吲哚乙酸的浓度在6.6～12.4μg/mL之间;同时具有很高的溶磷能力。接种5株菌株的棉花根系活力、株高和干重均显著高于不施钾肥的对照组,高于或相当于施钾对照组。     

Long-Term Effects of Aluminum and Cadmium on Growth,Leaf Anatomy,and Photosynthetic Pigments of Cotton

Aluminum (Al) and cadmium (Cd) are two elements that contaminate soil in different ways as waste products of some industrial processes and that can be tolerated by some plant species in different concentrations. In this study, growth parameters of leaves and stems (fresh and dry weights, stem lengths, leaf surface area, and lamina thickness), anatomical changes in leaves (lower and upper epidermis, stomata and mesophyll tissue), and photosynthetic pigment contents (chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids) were investigated in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. cv. Nazilli 84S), which was treated with Al and Cd for 3 months. Cotton seedlings were grown in greenhouse conditions and watered with Hoagland nutrient solutions, which contained 0, 100, and 200 μM aluminum chloride (AlCl₃) and cadmium chloride (CdCl₂). It was observed that reduced soil pH positively affected many parameters in cotton plants. Aluminum accumulation was greater in leaves than stems while the opposite was true for Cd accumulation. Leaves and stems of cotton plants treated with 100 and 200 μM Al and Cd showed slight growth changes; however, high concentrations of Al (200 μM) caused significant reductions in leaf area and leaf fresh weight, whereas stem fresh weight decreased with 200 μM Cd treatment. Anatomical parameters were mostly affected significantly under both concentrations of Al and Cd solutions (100 and 200 μM). The results revealed that the anatomical changes in the leaves varied in both treatments, and the long-term effect of the tested metals did not include harmful effects on anatomical structures. Moreover, the variations could be signals of tolerance or adaptive mechanisms of the leaves under the determined concentrations.     

The effect of starter fertilizers on cotton production in legume residues

Abstract

Field and greenhouse studies were conducted to identify starter fertilizers which would enhance cotton seedling survival, growth, and yield in legume residues. Field studies were initiated in the fall of 1982 on a Norfolk sandy loam (Typic Paleudult) in the Upper Coastal Plain of Alabama. Winter annual legumes, crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.) and hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) were established as whole plots along with a winter fallow area. Split plot treatments consisted of O, N, P, K, NP, NK, and NPK starter fertilizers. The cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was planted with a conservation tillage planting unit with in‐row subsoilers. The starter fertilizers were applied deep (8 to 10 inches) in the subsoil track. Greenhouse studies were also conducted with soil from whole plot areas top dressed with corresponding legume tissue at a rate of .9 g tissue/500 g soil. Seedlings in the greenhouse were rated for disease and emergence, and dry weights were recorded.

Cotton populations in field studies were lower in legume mulched than fallow soils in 1984. Application of starter fertilizers generally increased harvest populations, particularly the NK combination. In 1983, cotton growth was greater in vetch than other soils, but responses to starter fertilizers varied with analyses and years. Seed cotton yields were consistently high with P starter, although P did not always improve cotton stands and growth. When averaged across years and cover crops, yields were 3151, 3031, 2865, 2790, 2753, 2741, 2512, and 2364 for P, NP, P, NP, K, NPK, N and O, starter treatments respectively.

Greenhouse studies indicated that starter fertilizer improved cotton emergence in legume soils, but decreased emergence in fallow soils. Disease ratings of emerged seedlings were more severe when starter fertilizer was used than when it was not used. Thus, starter fertilizer increased emergence and survival, despite high disease ratings. Cotton seedling growth generally increased when poor emergence reduced cotton seedling competition.     

基于GYT双标图对西北内陆棉区国审棉花品种的分类评价

西北内陆棉区是我国最重要的主产棉区,对该棉区历年国审棉花品种进行科学分类和综合评价有利于国审品种资源的合理利用和棉花生产效率的提升。本研究采用GYT双标图分析对2003—2019年期间西北内陆棉区37个国审棉花品种的产量与霜前花率、纤维长度、比强度、马克隆值、枯萎病指数和黄萎病指数等性状的组合水平进行了综合分析和品种分类评价。结果表明,西北内陆棉区37个国审棉花品种可划分为3个特征明显的品种类型。其中,I型品种包括新陆早13号、中棉所49、新陆早21号、巴13222、新46、天云0769、Z1112、新石K18、J206-5、新石K21、禾棉A9-9、创棉508、H33-1-4、金科20、新K28、创棉512和J8031等17个品种,是产量与其余性状组合协调最好的品种类型,在生产上推广应用价值最高。II型品种产量和纤维品质表现一般,抗病性差,在当前生产上应用价值有限。III型品种的抗枯萎病性表现最好,但在其余性状上表现略差,综合生产应用价值有限,也许可作为抗病亲本应用。同时,根据各品种的理想指数筛选出创棉512、J8031、新K28、H33-1-4、金科20、新陆早13号和创棉508等综合表现优良的品种,也鉴别出新陆棉1号、新陆早33号、创棉501号和新陆早51号等综合表现相对略差的品种。本研究采用的GYT双标图分析方法是基于“产量-性状”组合水平对品种进行综合评价和分类研究,产量-性状组合之间的相关关系更加简单,多数组合间表现显著正相关,更适用于品种的多性状直观选择和综合评价,通常比先前的GT双标图解释的变异比率高,双标图模型拟合度更好,结果更可靠。本研究采用GYT双标图分析方法对西北内陆棉区国审品种的分类研究揭示了该棉区国审棉花品种的分类特征和应用价值,为本区的国家棉花品种试验审定提供了借鉴,也为其他作物品种的类似研究提供了范例。     

Economic injury levels for Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in cotton: impact of crop price, control costs, and efficacy of control

Field studies were conducted during 1993 and 1994 in the Imperial Valley, California and Maricopa, Arizona to examine relationships between densities of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) populations and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) yields, and to estimate economic injury levels (EILs) for pest management application. Populations of B. tabaci were manipulated by applying different numbers of insecticide applications in replicated plots. Resulting insect populations and cotton lint yields were used to develop damage functions and to estimate EILs for all life stages in relation to variable cotton prices, insecticide costs, and pest control efficacy. Economic injury levels declined with increasing cotton prices and increased as the cost of control increased, however, these changes were relatively small, based on typical ranges in price and control costs. In contrast, the efficacy of control provided by insecticide applications had a large influence on EILs, with lower efficacies being associated with higher injury levels. We developed a multiple regression model that accounted for the dynamic changes in the EIL in relation to crop price, control costs, control efficacy, and potential yield. Based on average prices and reasonable control costs and efficacy, EILs ranged from 5.9–15.2 adults/leaf, 6.1–19.8 eggs cm⁻², and 1.7–4.7 nymphs cm⁻² of leaf area. Additional research is needed to more closely relate the costs of control to the suppression of insect populations, and to define economic thresholds that will enable pest managers to maintain pest populations below EILs.     

Response of Cotton to Potassium Fertilizer on Effectiveness of Fruiting Sites in Aridisols

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted to assess the effectiveness of fruiting positions along sympodia under varying levels and sources of potassium (K) fertilizer on field-grown cotton in an arid environment. Treatments consisted of four rates of K (0, 62.5, 125.0, 250.0 kg K ha^{? 1}) and two types of K (K₂SO₄ and KCl). Cotton cultivar S-12 (Gossypium hirsutum L.) was used as a test crop. Plant mapping data showed that the total number of fruiting positions, number of intact fruit on sympodia/monopodia, and percent of bolls per position on sympodia differed greatly under different doses of K fertilizer. The percentage of fruit retention was markedly improved under increasing doses of K fertilizer as compared with the K-unfertilized treatment. The percent survival of harvestable bolls for the first five positions along sympodia at the end of the season was 30%, 25%, 18%, 13%, and 8%, respectively. Potassium fertilization stimulated cotton crop in lengthening sympodial branches and retaining more fruit on the first three positions and also at the bottom of the plant during the early reproductive phase. The fruiting pattern was 2–3 and 6–7 d vertical and horizontal fruiting interval, respectively.     

利用GGE双标图和综合选择指数划分棉花品种生态区

为提高农作物品种多性状选育和应用的可靠性,本研究基于品种选择指数,应用GGE双标图进行了棉花品种生态区划分。首先依据国家棉花品种审定标准构建通用性强的品种选择指数(SI),即SI=0.40×皮棉产量+0.13×纤维比强度+0.09×(纤维长度+马克隆值)+0.11×枯萎病+0.09×黄萎病+0.10×霜前花率。然后,采用GGE双标图方法对2000—2013年期间39组(含585个单点试验)长江流域国家棉花区域试验中品种选择指数的基因型与环境互作效应及环境间关系进行综合评价与分析。研究结果将长江流域棉区划分为四川盆地生态区、南襄盆地生态区、浙江省沿海生态区和长江中下游生态区。其中,长江中下游生态区为长江流域的主要品种生态区,对长江流域的总体环境代表性最强,涵盖了湖南省环洞庭湖棉区、湖北省江汉平原和鄂东南岗地棉区、江西省环鄱阳湖棉区、安徽省沿江棉区、江苏省宁镇丘陵及沿江和沿海棉区;四川盆地生态区、南襄盆地生态区和浙江省沿海生态区均为特殊生态环境条件下的品种生态区,对总体环境代表性较差。因此,将以长江流域棉区为广谱适应性育种目标环境的棉花品种综合性状选择试验优先安排在长江中下游生态区中,有利于提高育种的总体选择效果,而其余品种生态区不适宜作为以长江流域为目标环境的品种综合性状选择环境,可侧重于特殊适应性品种选育。本研究充分展示了GGE双标图在品种生态区划分方面的应用效果,合理划分了长江流域基于选择指数的棉花品种生态区,可为长江流域棉区的品种多性状选择和推荐策略提供决策依据,也为其他棉区和作物品种生态区划分提供参考。     

Association analysis of fibre traits in Gossypium arboreum accessions

Advances in the use of diploid Asiatic species in cotton breeding require an understanding of the relatedness and ancestry of diploid cotton accessions, and identification of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers associated with agronomically important phenotypic traits, for example, fibre quality. Fifty‐six Gossypium arboreum germplasm accessions introduced from nine regions of Africa, Asia and Europe were evaluated for eight fibre characters (lint percentage, lint colour, elongation, micronaire, strength, 50% span length, 2.5% span length and maturity%) and genotyped with 98 SSR markers. When viewed across all accessions most of the SSR markers were polymorphic. Population structure analysis identified six main clusters for the accessions which corresponded to different geographic regions, indicating agreement between genetic and predefined populations. The general linear model method was used to disclose marker–trait associations. Marker–trait associations were investigated by fitting single marker regression models for phenotypic traits on marker band intensities with correction for population structure. This paper illustrates the potential of association mapping in diploid cotton, because existing phenotypic data, a modest number of SSR markers, and a pioneering statistical analysis, identified interesting associations.     

一个新的棉花MYB类基因(GhTF1)的克隆及染色体定位分析

MYB类转录因子是指含有MYB结构域的一类转录因子, 广泛参与植物发育和代谢调节。含2个MYB结构域的R2R3类MYB转录因子在植物体内主要参与次生代谢的调节和控制细胞的形态发生。从优质材料7235不同发育时期的棉纤维混合cDNA文库中克隆了一个棉花MYB转录因子基因GhTF1(GenBank登录号: EF651783)。该cDNA序列长1 115 bp, 其开放读码框长度为771 bp, 编码256个氨基酸。表达特征分析表明, 该基因在陆地棉7235不同组织中均表达, 但表达量不同, 特别在开花前1 d, 开花后8 d和11 d的纤维细胞中优势表达。该基因在二倍体棉种非洲棉和雷蒙德氏棉中开放读码框区的序列较保守, 但在非编码区差异较大, 在内含子区存在大片段插失和碱基替换现象。Southern杂交结果表明该基因在陆地棉基因组中存在2个拷贝, 推测A、D亚组中各有1个拷贝。利用海7124和TM-1两亲本配置的BC₁作图群体, 将GhTF1定位在染色体10上。     

Chilling Stress Accelerates Degradation of Seed Storage Protein and Photosynthetic Protein during Cotton Seed Germination

Low temperature is one of the major abiotic stresses limiting the productivity and geographical distribution of many important crops. To gain a better understanding of chilling stress responses in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L . ), we carried out a comparative proteomic analysis. Cotyledon proteins of 1-week-old cotton seedlings treated with or without chilling treatment at 4 °C were extracted, separated by a two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and compared. Among 1500 protein spots reproducibly detected on each gel, 25 protein spots were down-regulated and 29 were up-regulated. Seven cotton proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis as beta-globulin A precursor fragments. One was identified as a Rubisco large subunit fragment, providing evidence of both seed storage protein and photosynthetic protein destruction by chilling stress. The related physiological and biochemical analysis showed that there was a significant increase in endopeptidase activity and activated oxygen generation rate, and an obvious decrease in carboxylation efficiency and maximum net photosynthetic rate of cotton seedlings under chilling stress. Based on the above results, the degradation mechanisms of beta-globulin and Rubisco under chilling stress were discussed. In conclusion, our study provides new insights into chilling-stress responses in cotton and demonstrates the advantages of proteomic analysis.