Three dimensional simulation of viscoelastic polymer melts flow in a cast film process

Three-dimensional simulation of the cast film process for viscoelastic polymer materials was carried out using the finite element method. The flow between the extrusion die and chill roll was assumed to be steady-state and isothermal and the rheological property of material was characterized by a single-mode PTT model. Gravity and inertial flow were considered in the simulation work, but neglecting die swell at the die exit, surface tension, crystallization, transient disturbance and film sag. Simulation results of the cast film production line were compared with the experimental data on the velocity profiles and neck-in values. Neck-in and edge bead was well predicted and the influence of strain-hardening nature, elasticity of materials and operation conditions on the final film shape was also investigated. It was found that the effect of strain-hardening nature was masked for the material with a very low relaxation time when the single-mode PTT model was adopted. Greater elasticity helped to produce a film with smaller neck-in and less waste edge. When the air gap length was increased, it was predicted that neck-in phenomenon would be promoted as well. Moreover, it was found that ratio of neck-in values under different air gap lengths was approximately equal to that of air gap lengths, which was consistent with experimental evidence.     

A microcosm study on the influence of pH and the host-plant on the soil persistence of two alfalfa-nodulating rhizobia with different saprophytic and symbiotic characteristics

The acid tolerance of Sinorhizobium meliloti in culture media and in soils is considered a useful criteria to select for strains with improved survival in agricultural acidic soils. Using a glass tube system with gamma-irradiated soil at different pH values, we analysed the survival of two different alfalfa-nodulating rhizobia: S. meliloti (pH_limit for growth 5.6–6.0) and the acid-tolerant Rhizobium sp. LPU83, closely related to the strain Rhizobium sp. Or191 (pH_limit for growth below 5.0). Although the acid-tolerant rhizobia showed a slightly better survival during the first months in acid soil (pH=5.6), none of the strains could be detected 2 months after inoculation (bacterial counts were below 10³ colony-forming units (cfu)/30 g of soil). The inclusion of two alfalfa plants/glass tube with soil, however, supported the persistence of both types of rhizobia at pH 5.6 for over 2 months with counts higher than 9×10⁶ cfu/30 g of soil. Remarkably, in the presence of alfalfa the cell densities reached by S. meliloti were higher than those reached by strain LPU83, which started to decline 1 week after inoculation. Although more acid-sensitive in the culture medium than the Or191-like rhizobia, in the presence of the host plant the S. meliloti strains showed to be better adapted to the free-living condition, irrespective of the pH of the soil.     

水稻颗粒玻璃化转变的试验研究

通过水稻颗粒玻璃化转变的试验，测量了不同干燥条件下水稻颗粒的玻璃化转变温度，探讨了干燥条件对水稻颗粒玻璃化转变的影响，研究了水稻颗粒含水率和玻璃化转变温度的关系，建立了水稻颗粒玻璃化转变温度与颗粒含水率的数学模型。     

脊尾白虾微卫星富集文库的构建与多态性标记的筛选

采用人工合成的生物素标记(AG)15探针及磁珠富集法构建了脊尾白虾基因组微卫星富集文库.将脊尾白虾基因组DNA经HaeⅢ酶切后,收集400 ～1 200 bp片段,连接特定接头,与生物素标记(AG)15探针杂交并捕获含有微卫星的DNA片段,然后连接到pMD18-T载体中,构建脊尾白虾微卫星富集文库.随机挑取947个克隆,经菌落PCR检验,其中667个为阳性克隆.从阳性克隆中随机选取184个克隆进行测序,有150个克隆含有微卫星序列,共获得199个微卫星序列,其中完美型158个(79.4％),非完美型27个(13.6％),复合型14个(7.0％).根据微卫星序列,设计了119对微卫星引物,64对扩增出稳定的具有特异性的条带,经30个脊尾白虾个体进行多样性评价后,有26个位点表现出多态性.26个微卫星位点获得的等位基因数从3 ～ 16个不等,平均每个位点扩增得到6.5个等位基因.观测杂合度(Ho)、期望杂合度(4)及多态性信息含量值(PIC)的范围分别为0.111 ～ 0.929、0.246 ～0.932、0.231 ～0.909.本研究开发的微卫星位点将为脊尾白虾种群多样性研究、家系识别和种质鉴定提供有效的工具.     

差示扫描量热法在稗草种子灭活中的应用

[目的]为了减少热除草设备的能耗、提高工作效率,研究稗草种子灭活的升温速率和最高温度。[方法]采用差示扫描量热法(DSC),研究了升温速率和最高温度对稗草种子玻璃化转变的影响。同时,对加热后的种子进行发芽率试验。[结果]升温速率是影响稗草种子玻璃化转变的重要因素。升温速率为5 K/min时,玻璃化转变不明显;升温速率为20 K/min时,玻璃化转变明显,玻璃化温度为75.9℃;升温速率增加到25 K/min时,玻璃化转变滞后,玻璃化转变温度为80.2℃。对加热后的种子进行发芽率试验,发现玻璃化转变是种子退化的重要原因。升温速率为5 K/min、最高温度为91℃时,稗草种子的发芽率为57%。而当升温速率达到20 K/min、最高温度为91℃时,种子全部丧失活性。[结论]影响杂草种子灭活的升温速率和最高温度,对于热除草设备的设计和田间作业参数设置具有重要的参考意义。     

新型流化床生物滤器处理海水养殖废水性能研究

为提升流化床生物滤器的水处理性能,优化滤器的工艺运行参数,研制了新型流化床生物滤器,并以玻璃珠为填料,将该生物滤器应用于斑石鲷循环水养殖系统,探讨了其对养殖水体中营养盐和有机物的去除效果。结果表明：新型流化床生物滤器实现了床层高度的稳定,避免了滤料的流失,优化了滤器内部的流态。在海水养殖工况下,新型流化床生物滤器经过一个月的自然挂膜,可实现滤器的成功启动。通过扫描电镜观察,挂膜前后生物膜载体表面发生了显著的变化。流化床生物滤器的硝化作用主要发生于床层的底部,表层对其贡献率不显著。在稳定工况下,新型流化床生物滤器对TAN、NO2--N、BOD5和SS 的去除率分别达到了(48.7±5.23)%、(64.28±9.88)%、(59.19±4.98)%和(40.06±10.21)%,对TAN的平均去除负荷达到了(245.2±50.5) g/(m3 ·d)。本生物滤器硝化性能及稳定性优于常规生物滤器,可为该滤器在循环水养殖系统中的高效运行和应用提供一定的技术支撑。     

玻璃纤维增强热解油酚醛树脂材料的制备与性能

以热解油酚醛树脂为基体制备了玻璃纤维增强材料,考查了制备工艺条件对材料性能的影响规律,并优选出最佳制备工艺条件:在施工温度25℃时,树脂内热解油添加量为20%,复配型固化剂(m(对甲苯磺酸)∶m(硫酸)∶m(磷酸)∶m(乙醇)=1.0∶0.1∶1.0∶0.3)用量为树脂质量的4%~5%,偶联剂用量为树脂质量的0.5%~0.6%,后固化处理温度为60~70℃,处理时间2 h。制备的材料性能优于普通酚醛树脂制备的玻璃纤维增强材料。接触角和扫描电镜分析表明,热解油添加量、树脂黏度、浸润时间、环境温度和硅烷偶联剂添加量等对热解油酚醛树脂和玻璃纤维之间的润湿性能有明显影响。     

浸渍塑化玻纤复合杨木单板对LVL力学性能的影响

将玻璃纤维以玻璃纤维线的形态植入到杨木单板中,并对其进行高温塑化处理,探究浸渍塑化后玻纤复合杨木单板对单板层积材(LVL)力学性能的影响。结果表明:浸渍塑化后的玻纤复合杨木单板能够明显提高单板层积材的弹性模量、静曲强度、表面硬度以及冲击韧性。     

剪切力对链霉菌谷氨酰胺转胺酶发酵的影响

考察了以摇瓶发酵过程中添加玻珠为剪切力,对链霉菌(Streptomyces sp.)HS-1发酵生产谷氨酰胺转胺酶的影响,在10 L发酵罐上不同搅拌转速对产酶的影响。结果显示,摇瓶发酵中,在种子阶段添加玻珠,提高剪切力不能促进产酶;在发酵阶段,加入4颗玻珠时,酶活相对最高,比对照增加20%;36 h时添加玻珠,与对照相比,酶活提高12%,菌体浓度增加40%,且氨基氮消耗明显。10 L发酵罐中,适宜的搅拌转速为250 r/min,36 h调整转速至250r/min,酶活比维持90 r/min提高21%。因此剪切力对谷氨酰胺转胺酶发酵有明显影响。     

砂磨机制备铜基营养保护剂悬浮剂的工艺优化

为提高铜基营养保护剂悬浮剂的悬浮率和稳定性,通过正交实验和单因素实验方法,从浆料质量分数、研磨转速、研磨介质与浆料质量比及研磨时间4个因素出发,研究了通过砂磨机制备铜基营养保护剂悬浮剂的优化工艺。结果表明:研磨转速对制剂粒径影响最大;研磨介质与浆料质量比对制剂分散颗粒比表面积影响最大;浆料质量分数对粒径和比表面积的影响均最小。其最佳制备工艺条件为:浆料质量分数60%,研磨转速1 500 r/min,m(研磨介质):m(浆料)=1.5:1,研磨时间80 min。在此条件下,所得铜基营养保护剂悬浮剂的悬浮率均大于90%,且其分散性、水质适应性和水温实验均符合相关标准要求。研究结果可为铜基营养保护剂的开发应用提供理论基础及工艺参考。