柚类种质资源AFLP与SSR遗传多样性分析

 结合SSR引物和AFLP分子标记对110份柚类基因型、12份野生近缘种进行遗传多样性研究。结果表明，SSR标记的335个位点中99.1%为多态性位点，每个位点可检测到9.85个等位基因，基因多样度 （GD）变幅为0.1939～0.9073，获得了46个特异性SSR标记；AFLP标记的343个位点中72%为多态性位点，3对引物平均期望杂合度变幅为0.21863～0.28445,平均每对引物组合能产生82个多态位点，获得了44个AFLP特异性标记。UPGMA聚类结果显示，122份基因型在相似系数0.61时，分成8个组群，其中柚类主要由沙田柚品种群、文旦品种群与庞大的杂种柚品种群组成。分类结果将有利于更好地利用这些丰富的育种资源。     

水稻籼粳特异性RFLP标记及广亲和品种亲缘关系分析

 应用160个RFLP标记分析了21个水稻广亲和品种6个籼粳测验种，发现其中68个标记可以区分籼粳测验种。21个广亲和品种根据与籼粳测验和共有片段比率的大小 可以分为籼，粳和籼粳中间型三类。68个标记在15个籼粳品种中进一步筛选，得到24个籼粳特异性RFLP标记。它们在亚种内杂交带型相同而亚种产不一样。其中RG358、G318为籼稻专一性探针，在粳稻中表现为零等位。以此24个探针为基础构建了广亲和品品种亲缘关系的树状图。讨论了籼粳特异性RFLP标记在水稻遗传育种实践中的应用。     

梭鱼养殖群体与自然群体的遗传结构研究

[目的]掌握渤海地区梭鱼种群的种质资源状况。[方法]应用随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)技术,对梭鱼养殖群体与自然群体的遗传多样性进行了分析。[结果]从45个随机引物中选出20个扩增效果稳定的引物进行群体分析。其中,梭鱼自然群体共检出了204个扩增位点,多态位点136个,多态位点比例为66.7%;养殖群体中共检出了217个扩增位点,多态位点130个,多态位点比例为59.9%。[结论]目前梭鱼群体的遗传多样性较为丰富,人工养殖还未对其造成明显的影响。     

甘蓝型油菜MSL不育系花药发育的细胞学研究

为了揭示MSL(male sterility lembke)的小孢子败育时期及其特点,从而促进中国及世界油菜杂种优势利用的步伐。选用MSL衍生系的不育材料和可育材料为试验材料,采用常规压片和石蜡切片技术,观察其花药发育过程。通过对MSL不育材料的细胞学观察,发现MSL可发育到四分体时期,四分体不同程度皱缩,绒毡层径向伸长,并含有一个特别大的液泡,液泡将细胞核和细胞质挤向细胞的一边,胞质浓缩。随着发育的进行,绒毡层进一步伸长,向内挤压四分体,腔室体积变小。紧接着液泡化并且伸长了的绒毡层和浓缩的四分体溶解在一起,花粉囊横切面的形状发生改变,由圆形变成长条形,最后整个花药室萎缩。结果表明MSL的败育时期为四分体时期,由于绒毡层的异常而导致败育。     

基于遗传算法的人工神经网络模型在冬小麦根系吸水模型中的应用

基于土壤水分与冠部数据,应用遗传算法优化人工神经网络模型的权值,将获得的冬小麦根长密度分布应用于根系吸水模型中,并进行了水分数值模拟,水分模拟效果整体较好,表明应用该方法可以为根系吸水模型提供准确的根系参数,并且较为方便,这对于根系吸水模型的建立及应用有着重要的意义。     

木薯种质资源的遗传多样性分析与评价

采用SRAP分子标记对134份木薯种质资源进行的遗传多样性分析,36对多态性引物对全部材料进行扩增,共获得348个稳定的谱带,其中多态性谱带306条(占87.9%),平均每对引物扩增条带数和多态性带数分别为9.7个和8.5个。应用Nei’s相似系数法估算了134份材料间的相似系数为0.536～0.971,说明木薯种质资源间的遗传基础一般。聚类分析将全部材料划分为8个组群,结合PCA分析说明,分组群体构成与其品系的地理来源具有一般相关性。平均遗传多样性指数为0.4630,各个组内存在差异,以第1、5组较高,分别由我国的自育品种和来自南美洲的品系构成。研究结果较全面反映了中国现有木薯种质资源遗传多样性特点,为我国进一步引进木薯优良资源,以及优异木薯基因资源挖掘和育种利用提供了理论借鉴。     

猪H-FABP基因内含子1的遗传多态性及其遗传效应分析

[目的]为H-FABP基因运用于猪育种过程中的标记辅助选择提供基础资料。[方法]应用PCR-SSCP方法分析H-FABP基因在山西白猪、马身猪、大白猪、长白猪和杜洛克猪5个猪种的多态性,并研究基因型与肌内脂肪含量的相关性。[结果]在猪H-FABP基因内含子1扩增的片段上发现了一个多态性,检测到2个等位基因（A、B）,3种基因型（AA、AB、BB）,并对纯合子进行测序,发现SSCP的变异是由碱基C→T的替换造成的。基因型在不同猪种分布的多重比较表明,马身猪与山西白猪、长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克猪间基因型分布差异极显著（P〈0.01）,其他纯种猪群间基因型分布差异不显著（P〉0.05）。固定效应模型分析表明,肌内脂肪含量基因型间差异极显著（P〈0.01）。最小二乘分析表明,BB基因型个体与AA基因型个体比较肌内脂肪含量的差异显著（P〈0.05）。[结论]H-FABP基因对猪肉品质存在一定的影响。     

Genetic and Environmental Correlations Among Female Fertility Traits and Milk Production in Different Parities of Swedish Red and White Dairy Cattle

The main objective of this study was to estimate genetic correlations between fertility and production traits in first, second and third lactations as well as between fertility traits measured in the same way at different ages. The fertility traits studied were: number of inseminations per service period, number of treatments for reproductive disturbances, interval between first and last inseminations, interval between calving and first insemination, and interval between calving and last insemination. Early milk production was measured as the average of the energy-corrected milk yield at the second and third monthly testdays in a lactation. The number of records was approximately 450 000, 350 000, 180 000 and 75 000 in the heifer period, first, second, and third lactations, respectively. A linear, trivariate model that included the effects of herd-year, year, month, age and sire of the cow was applied. To reduce the effect of ongoing selection, 305-days kg protein production in first lactation was included as a variate in all of the analyses. Correlations between the herd-year effects indicated that factors of herd-year level conducive to increased production had a tendency to increase the number of inseminations as well as the number of reproductive treatments, although there was an earlier start and termination of the insemination period. Genetic correlations between fertility traits and production were in the range of 0.2-0.4, all of them unfavourable and higher at later parities. The genetic correlations between fertility traits in the heifer period and the same traits in first lactation were 0.7. Genetic correlations between the first and second lactation varied between 0.7 and 0.9, and between the second and third lactation they were all 0.9 or higher. In conclusion, fertility and production traits need to be selected for simultaneously if fertility is going to be maintained along further genetic improvement on production, and such selection should include fertility results from lactating cows.     

Genetic divergence in two tropical maize composites after four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection

Two tropical maize composites were subjected to four cycles of reciprocal recurrent selection to develop divergent inbred lines with good combining ability. This study was conducted to examine the extent of genetic diversity, changes in allele composition and genetic structure, of 100 randomly selected S₁ lines each from the original (C₀) and advanced (C₄) selection cycles of TZL COMP3 and TZL COMP4, genotyped using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. Results revealed that the proportion of alleles at both low and high frequencies decreased from C₀ to C₄, whereas those at intermediate frequencies increased at C₄ in the two composites. More unique and other alleles were lost at C₄ in TZL COMP3 relative to those in TZL COMP4. The changes in different measures of genetic diversity were either small or negligible with selection in the two composites. The proportion of markers departing from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) decreased with selection, whereas the total number of pairs of markers in linkage disequilibrium increased with selection in the two composites. Examination of changes in population structures using a model‐based approach as well as cluster and multivariate analyses found a high degree of concordance in stratifying the 400 S₁ lines into four non‐overlapping groups corresponding to the two selection cycles each within the reciprocal composites. The observed molecular‐based divergence between cycles within the same composite and the clear differentiation between the complementary composites highlight the importance of reciprocal recurrent selection for preserving genetic diversity for long‐term selection. This increases the potential of the advanced selection cycles to sustain genetic gain in productivity of hybrids adapted to the savannas in West and Central Africa.     

W6154S×农垦58杂交后代育性转换株的发育感光性与育性转换特性

为了探讨水稻发育感光性与光、温敏雄性不育性之间的遗传关系,对W6154S/农垦58杂交组合F_2中发育感光性不同而具有明显育性转换特性的不育株及其衍生的F_3株系各单株进行了发育感光性与育性转换光温反应特性鉴定。结果表明:W6154S的育性转换特性可在发育感光性不同的背景中表达光敏不育性;所有F_2、F_3的育性转换株中没有分离出典型的温敏不育株;育性转换性状能在低世代稳定,而控制育性转换光温条件的遗传基础是复杂的。发育感光性强弱不是育性光敏性强弱的决定因子,育性光敏性强弱受遗传背景多因子综合作用,农垦58及其类似背景中可能存在增强光敏雄性不育主效基因表达的遗传因子。