现代住宅建筑电气设计的几点改进

本文从六大方面详细叙述了现代住宅建筑中电气设计应采用的新方法。     

Small electric currents affecting farm animals and man: A review with special reference to stray voltage

The literature on the electrical properties of the body and sensitivity to steady electric current in humans and farm animals is reviewed and the problem of stray voltage is examined. Stray voltage poses a problem to animal health and protection in cattle and pigs and possibly also in other animals. Dairy cattle can perceive alternating currents exceeding 1 mA between the mouth and all four hooves. Behavioural effects in cows usually occur above 3 mA. In practice, the major influence on dairy cows appears to be behavioural. In experimental research on sensitivity to electric current, the effects studied should be related primarily to the actual current densities or electric fields in the affected tissues rather than to the total voltages applied. Under normal conditions, herdsmen are less likely to be affected by stray voltage than their animals.     

Electricity Pricing Regulation in Demand Side Management

Time of use(Tou) price is one of the most efficient measure for modern demand side management(DSM).But a scientifically pricing is based on understanding the function of pricing mechanism and comprehensive analysis to social benefit.The authors develop a pricing model by game theory based on analysis of consumer's response to the time of-use price and analyze the pricing regulation of government for maximum social benefit.A conclusion is drawn,which suggests that government should let the electricity corporation to pricing, but just give a regulation on the average price level.     

Power Plant Bid Decision-making Stragegy Based on Accounting Theory

The main theortical basis that management accountant can be regarded as electricity-generating commerce is brought forward.The main contents of management accountant,such as cost analysis,quantity benefit analysis,estimate analysis,the decision analysis,the budget,cost control,responsibility center,the possibility of the indetermination analysis theories on generating electricity,feasibility and advantages,are analyzed and demonstrated in detail.Based on these works and combining knowledge of computer,related knowledge about power and the latest rules of electric power market,the functional design for the power plant biding for on-net assistant system is completed.The power plant bid decision-making stragegy includes following functions: receiving and declareing the data of the electric power market,protecting cost analysis,protecting price decision,predicting load,safe area analysis,superior distribution,settle accounts,sensitivity analysis,controlling plan management and risk analysis etc.     

On-line Analytical Processing and Its Application in Commercial Automation

The number of hotel buildings increased rapidly in Chongqing with the fast development of its economy.This paper presents the electricity consumption audit of 9 typical hotel buildings in Chongqing.The electricity consumption characteristics of hotel buildings in Chongqing were analyzed.Test results of a typical four-star hotel in summer of 2004 are given and some conclusions and suggestions are presented.     

Transient stray voltage: Is it detrimental to growth performance,health status and welfare of market pigs?

The effects of transient stray voltage associated with an alternating current were evaluated in growing-finishing pigs from 9 to 22 weeks of age. Seventy-two pigs were assigned to 9 blocks of 8 animals each. In each block, the following treatments were randomly distributed: a constant voltage differential created between the feeder or drinker and the metallic floor (woven wire), at a level of 0 volt plus 2-volt pulses (0 V–2 V), 2 volts plus 3-volt pulses (2 V–5 V), 5 volts plus 3-volt pulses (5 V–8 V), and a control treatment without any voltage differential (0 V–0 V). The constant voltage was applied 24 h per day. The pulses of 3 s duration were in the form of an increase in the amplitude of the constant 60-Hz signal. One pulse appeared every 20, 40 and 100 s during the hour following feed distribution and every 60, 120 and 300 s during the rest of the day. The animals were fedad libitum and received fresh feed twice per day. Once during the 2-week periods at 9–10, 13–14, 17–18 and 21–22 weeks of age, the behaviour of the pigs was recorded during the hour following the two daily feed distributions. Animal weights and blood samples were taken every 2 weeks, from 9 to 21 weeks of age. No significant effect of transient stray voltage on any of the variables measured for the feeding, drinking, sitting or lying activities was found (p>0.05). At 9–10 weeks of age, the number of rooting bouts was higher for the 5 V–8 V treatment (p=0.03) and the number of events of butting the penmate was higher for the 2 V–5 V treatment (p=0.05). Although the water and feed intake did not differ between treatments (p0.39), the average daily gain of the control group was lower than that of treated groups (p=0.04) at 9 and 10 weeks of age, while the pigs submitted to a 2 V–5 V treatment had a higher daily gain than the pigs in the other treatment groups (p=0.05) at 17 and 18 weeks of age. Finally, the frequency of gastric ulceration and the metabolic profile were not affected by the treatments (p>0.05) except for the CO₂ and total protein concentrations (p0.04), where treatment effects were inconsistent among ages. Consequently, under the experimental conditions of the present study, no major impact of transient stray voltage on the health, growth or welfare of fattening pigs was observed.     

基于LCA方法的秸秆沼气发电和制备生物天然气的环境排放评价

为对比特大型沼气工程沼气资源化不同方式所带来的环境影响差异,文章运用生命周期评价方法(Life cycle assessment,LCA),对特大型秸秆沼气发电工程(日均发电量4万kWh)及生物天然气工程(日产气量1.2万方)进行环境影响评价并比较两者的环境影响及敏感性因素分析。其中包括边界划分、清单分析、各生产阶段的能耗、环境排放计算。根据计算结果显示,沼气发电时,对环境排放影响最大的是秸秆沼气发酵阶段,最敏感因素为单位干物质产气率(mL·g^-1 TS);制备生物天然气时以上两个指标分别为:沼气的提纯过程和沼气提纯技术的选择。从进行能源替代减少环境排放影响的角度来看,生物燃气替代民用散煤要优于沼气发电替代燃煤发电。     

电力市场中日有功调度的最大熵技术法寻优

鉴于中国电力工业的发展状况和电力市场过渡时期的特点,利用最大熵技术提出了以总发电容量成本最小和总发电电量成本最小的双目标决策模型。     

Circuits of power: Environmental injustice from Bangkok's shopping malls to Laos’ hydropower dams

In what ways are lifestyles in urbanising Thailand, increasingly oriented towards shopping malls related to the threat to the wildlife and struggles for subsistence in distant Lao hinterlands? Our article answers this question by looking at the workings of electricity as the key infrastructure that connects these seemingly unrelated events and practices. We argue that the circulation of electricity flows along uneven channels, shifting injury and environmental harm across international borders. This circuit is perpetuating inequality and environmental injustice in the Lower Mekong. To demonstrate this claim, we analyse the electricity sector at numerous scales and locations – the urban scale in Bangkok, the country scale of Thailand and then Laos and the local community scale in Laos. We then discuss by what means various material and social processes and actors at these different scales form this circuit. Looking at circuits of power allows us to link the story of electricity consumption with that of production, with an emphasis on their extraterritoriality, multiplicity and boundaries. Our findings illustrate the effects of this circuit on spaces far from a thought‐of urban area. Furthermore, we demonstrate the ways in which these effects have produced inequality and injustice across borders.