Irrigation scheduling performance by evapotranspiration-based controllers

Evapotranspiration-based irrigation controllers, also known as ET controllers, use ET information or estimation to schedule irrigation. Previous research has shown that ET controllers could reduce irrigation as much as 42% when compared to a time-based irrigation schedule. The objective of this study was to determine the capability of three brands of ET-based irrigation controllers to schedule irrigation compared to a theoretically derived soil water balance model based on the Irrigation Association Smart Water Application Technologies (SWAT) protocol to determine the effectiveness of irrigation scheduling. Five treatments were established, T1-T5, replicated four times for a total of twenty field plots in a completely randomized block design. The irrigation treatments were as follows: T1, Weathermatic SL1600 with SLW15 weather monitor; T2, Toro Intelli-sense; T3, ETwater Smart Controller 100; T4, a time-based treatment determined by local recommendations; and T5, a reduced time-based treatment 60% of T4. All treatments utilized rain sensors set at a 6 mm threshold. A daily soil water balance model was used to calculate the theoretical irrigation requirements for comparison with actual irrigation water applied. Calculated in 30-day running totals, irrigation adequacy and scheduling efficiency were used to quantify under- and over-irrigation, respectively. The study period, 25 May 2006 through 27 November 2007, was drier than the historical average with a total of 1326 mm of rainfall compared to 1979 mm for the same historical period. It was found that all treatments applied less irrigation than required for all seasons. Additionally, the ET controllers applied only half of the irrigation calculated for the theoretical requirement for each irrigation event, on average. Irrigation adequacy decreased when the ET controllers were allowed to irrigate any day of the week. All treatments had decreased scheduling efficiency averages in the rainy season with the largest decrease of 29 percentile points with a timer and rain sensor (T4) and an average decrease of 20 percentile points for the ET controllers, indicating that site specific rainfall has a significant effect on scheduling efficiency results. Rainfall did not drastically impact the average irrigation adequacy results. For this study, there were two controller program settings that impacted the results. The first setting was the crop coefficients where specific values were chosen for the location of the study when calculating the theoretical requirement whereas the controllers used default values. The second setting was the soil type that defines the soil water holding capacity of the soil. The ET controllers were able to regularly adjust to real-time weather, unlike the conventional irrigation timers. However, the incorporation of site specific rainfall measurements is extremely important to their success at managing landscape water needs and at a minimum a rain sensor should be used.     

无线射频模块在曲轴臂距差测量中的应用

为了克服机械式拐档表和有线数显式臂距差测量仪的缺陷,设计了一种采用无线射频模块（nRF24L01）实现双向通信的无线臂距差测量系统．该系统采用SW—ARQ和连续发送相结合的无线通信协议,将霍尔式位移传感器采集的臂距差信号传输给主控单片机,实现了无线传输．实验结果表明该系统在提高测量方便性的同时,测量精度可达到0．005mm．     

基于SNMP舰船电力监控网络管理的实现

西方经济思想在中国的传播,既有推进中国政治经济学多元发展积极的一面,又有排斥阻碍发展的消极影响。新自由主义经济学派的去意识形态论、鼓吹自由化和私有化等思想严重冲击了中国政治经济学;凯恩斯经济学和新制度经济学的国家干预、福利国家、经济制度等思想对中国政治经济学的发展产生了积极的影响。     

安全协议中的潜在攻击

阐述了网络安全协议中一些常见的攻击方式,并论述了这些攻击产生的原因和避免此类攻击的方法.     

一种基于时延限制的分布式组播路由选择算法

基于最短路径算法提出了主树的概念，并且利用组播树的代价和时延限制的定义给出了一种分布式组播路由选择算法。可以在时延限制的前提下使组播树的代价接近最优。最后，说明了本文方法的有效性。     

基于Windows系统的PPPoE协议的实现

提出了一种在 Windows2 0 0 0系统中实现 PPPo E(PPP over Ethernet)客户端软件的方案 ,该方案利用现有 Windows系统的资源 ,绕过 PPP的细节而实现 PPPo E协议 ,并使 PPPo E协议同 Windows之间达到无缝结合 ,解决了 PPPo E“服务器 /客户端”平台搭建问题。介绍了方案的实现 ,包括 PPPo E客户端软件的总体结构、工作流程以及 PPPo E协议驱动等主要功能模块。所完成的系统软件已通过实地检测 ,可使用户在Windows98/ SE/ 2 0 0 0 / ME上实现 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber L ine,非对称数字用户专线 )的接入 ,各项数据传输参数都符合 ADSL传输指标     

Ovum pick-up and in vitro maturation in spotted paca (Cuniculus paca—Linnaeus, 1766)

We tested FSHp, eCG and FSHp + eCG to establish ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro maturation method in spotted paca. Eight healthy adult females were subjected to each of four treatments to stimulate ovarian follicular growth. All females were subjected to a hormonal protocol using a single dose of 45 mg of injectable progesterone and single intramuscular injection of 0.075 mg d-cloprostenol on day 6. Ovarian stimulation was carried out as follows: in Group TFE (FSHp and eCG), animals were treated with a single dose of 80 mg of FSHp and 200 IU of eCG intramuscularly on day 6 after the application of progesterone; in Group TF (FSHp), they were treated with a single dose of 80 mg of FSHp intramuscularly on day 6 after application of progesterone; in Group treatment eCG, they were treated with 200 IU of eCG intramuscularly on day 6 after application of progesterone; and in Group TC (saline solution), 1 ml of saline solution was administered to control does. The OPU was performed between 22 and 26 hr after gonadotropin treatments. All recovered oocytes were placed into maturation media and incubated for 24 hr. There were no differences among the mean number of observed follicles, aspirated follicles and oocytes recovered per treatment. Oocyte maturation rates did not differ among groups, except, TF and treatment eCG oocytes had greater maturation rates than TC oocytes. In this study, gonadotropin administration failed to superovulate treated does and increase oocyte retrieval efficiency. Despite the feasibility of the procedure, further studies are needed to develop and refine hormonal protocols for oocyte recovery and in vitro maturation in this species.     

农村综合信息服务平台云存储技术研究与应用

云存储技术通过集群应用、虚拟化、分布式文件系统等将网络中大量不同类型的存储设备集合起来协同工作,以此缓解老式数据中心的存储压力。目前许多涉农信息平台的文件管理与共享浪费了极大的空间,越来越多涉农企业的发展需要一个基于云存储技术的农村综合信息服务平台。以云存储为设计基础,一方面通过研究重复数据删除技术,提出了一种在客户端利用Hash的MD5算法进行文件级别的重复数据删除操作后再将数据存入云服务器中的方法,以此为涉农信息平台提供企业内部统一的文件共享;另一方面利用实时性更强,占用网络带宽更少,以及通信效率更高的Web通信协议,完整地采用基于HTML5 Web Socket协议的Web通信来实现涉农企业间的网络商务洽谈。     

Potential CO2 emissions mitigation through forest prescribed burning: A case study in Patagonia, Argentina

Wildland fire is a natural force that has shaped most vegetation types of the world. However, its inappropriate management during the last century has led to more frequent and catastrophic fires. Wildland fires are also recognized as one of the sources of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases (GHG) that influence global climate change. As one of the techniques used to reduce the risk of destructive wildfires, prescribed burning has the potential of mitigating carbon emissions, and effectively contributes to the efforts proposed as part of the Clean Development Mechanism within the Kyoto protocol. In order to apply this concept to a real case, a simulation study was conducted in pine afforestation in the Andean region of Patagonia, Argentina, with the objective of evaluating the potential of prescribed burning for reducing GHG emissions. The scenario was established for a ten year period, in which simulated prescribed burning was compared to the traditional management scheme, which included the probability of annual average of wildfire occurrence based on available wildfire statistics. The two contrasting scenarios were: (1) managed afforestation, affected by the annual average rate of wildfires occurred in the same type of afforestation in the region, without prescribed burning, and (2) same as (1) but with the application of simulated prescribed burning. In order to estimate carbon stocks, and CO₂ removals and emissions, we followed the guidelines given for GHG inventories on the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Uses (AFOLU) sector of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), while the terminology used was the established by IPCC (2003). Data of afforested area, thinnings, and biomass growth were taken from previous surveys in the study area. Downed dead wood and litter (forest fuel load, FFL) was estimated adjusting equations fitted to those fuels, based on field data. Results show that comparing the two scenarios, prescribed burning reduced CO₂ emissions by 44% compared to the situation without prescribed burning. The prescribed burning scenario represented about 12% of the total emissions (prescribed burning plus wildfires). Furthermore, avoided wildfires by simulated prescribed burning allowed an additional 78% GHG emissions mitigation due to extra biomass growth. Simulated prescribed burning in commercial afforestation of Patagonia appears to be an effective management practice not only to prevent wildfires, but also an efficient tool to mitigate GHG emissions. However, more studies in different scenarios would be needed to generalize these benefits to other ecosystems.     

基于Wi—Fi的自动灌溉控制器设计与实现

针对传统的灌溉控制器布线多、施工难,且采用RS485与计算机通信时距离受限等问题,设计和实现了一个基于wi—Fi的自动灌溉控制器,能在远程计算机上以Web网页的方式实时控制灌溉、显示监测信息。该控制器可同时测量8路模拟量、3路数字量,并可以控制7路交流电磁阀。该灌溉控制器具有友好的监测操作界面,并且实现了广泛的信息共享。因此,在农业领域具有广阔的应用前景。