城镇化过程中滇池流域不透水表面扩张特征及其水环境效应

以云南省昆明市滇池流域为研究区,揭示了滇池流域近30 a来高速城镇化发展过程中不透水表面扩张特征,在此基础上利用距离衰减函数和重力学模型分析了不透水表面扩张背景下的水环境效应。研究结果表明,滇池流域不透水表面呈现出沿着滇池全面扩张的趋势,高强度城区由2001年的1个变为2017年的4个,自然地表面积向不透水表面面积转移了35%,高强度城区面积比例由0.06%增加到了12.05%;近30 a来流域不透水表面增长速率超过了21 km2/a,在2004至2017期间,其增长速率达到了38 km2/a;不透水表面空间影响力与湖泊水质呈现出显著的相关关系,溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)、叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl.a)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、高锰酸盐指数(permanganate index,PI)、酸碱度(potential of hydrogen,p H)、透明度(transparency,Trans)均通过了显著性检验;各水质参数呈现周期性变化,同时不透水表面扩张对水质参数的影响是显著的,表明滇池流域高速城镇化是导致滇池富营养化和蓝藻水华频繁爆发主要原因。     

Studies on the material resistance and moisture dynamics of Common juniper,English yew,Black cherry,and Rowan

The overall aim of this study was to provide comprehensive durability characteristics of wood species underutilized but frequently occurring in Central and Northern Europe: Common juniper (Juniperus communis L.), Black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.), English yew (Taxus baccata L.), and Rowan (Sorbus aucuparia L.). Decay resistance was tested against white and brown rot causing basidiomycetes and soft rot causing micro-fungi in terrestrial microcosms. Their wetting ability was determined in terms of capillary water uptake at the end-grain, the liquid water uptake during submersion, the water vapor uptake at high humidity, and the water release during drying. All tests were performed with unleached and leached specimens. Durability classes were assigned based on results from the different tests. Juniper and Yew were classified very durable (Durability class DC 1); Black cherry and Rowan were found to be less durable (DC 3–5). Leaching did not affect the durability classification significantly. Durability characteristics were completed with different indicators for the wetting ability of the four wood species. The combined effect of wetting ability and inherent decay resistance was considered for service life modeling based on a resistance model using dose–response relationships between material climate (dose) and fungal decay above ground (response).     

动态冰温对红阳猕猴桃冷害与贮藏品质的影响

以红阳猕猴桃为试材,分别贮藏于(0±0.5)℃(CK)和动态冰温(-1.9~-0.5℃)下120 d,研究果实生理与品质指标的变化。结果表明,贮藏前期,动态冰温可显著延缓猕猴桃硬度的下降和可溶性固形物(TSS)含量的上升,降低腐烂率、呼吸强度和丙二醛(MDA)含量;动态冰温贮藏果实的冷害起始于75 d,对照果实的冷害起始于90 d,动态冰温会提前和加重猕猴桃果实的冷害,其典型症状为皮下组织木质化;随着冷害的发生,动态冰温贮藏猕猴桃的腐烂率反而高于对照,VC含量低于对照,硬度和TSS含量达不到正常后熟程度,但无法确定冷害对可滴定酸(TA)含量、呼吸强度和MDA含量的影响。因而,红阳猕猴桃贮藏期≤60 d时,动态冰温可以达到最佳的贮藏效果,冷害的发生限制了其在长期贮藏上的应用。     

Physiological disorders,bitter rot and other fungal decay of ‘Aroma’ apple fruit stored in controlled atmosphere

Effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions on physiological disorders and fungal fruit decay on apple ‘Aroma’ were investigated. Fruit from three growing seasons were stored at 1% or 2% O₂ (both at 2% CO₂) at either 1°C or 3°C in small research units; controls were kept in the same ventilated rooms at the two temperatures (ambient air). The fruit were removed from storage after four or six months and assessed for fruit decay immediately afterwards and after two weeks at 20°C. Fruit quality parameters were recorded at the end of storage. On a three-year average, fruit stored in CA was less ripe at the end of storage. After both four and six months storage, CA reduced total decay (physiological disorders and fungal decay) by on average 70% and 45%, respectively, compared to storage in ambient air. Senescent breakdown was lower after CA storage for four months, but not after six months and not after simulated shelf life. Soft scald was lower when stored in CA both after cold storage at 1°C and simulated shelf life. After storage at 3°C there was lower incidence of soft scald when stored in CA after four months, but not after six months. For fungal fruit decay in general, there was no effect of low oxygen, however, 2% O₂ gave slightly less bitter rot (Colletotrichum acutatum) than 1% O₂ and significantly less than ambient air after simulated shelf life. Averaged over all oxygen levels, 1°C gave significantly less bitter rot than 3°C. It may be concluded that use of CA for storage of ‘Aroma’ is a good way of reducing development of physiological disorders. However, development of bitter rot seemed to be more influenced by temperature and storage time than by low O₂.     

Chitosan boehmite-alumina nanocomposite films and thyme oil vapour control brown rot in peaches (Prunus persica L.) during postharvest storage

Brown rot (Monilinia spp.) affects the shelf life, fruit quality and marketability of peaches (Prunus persica L.). Increasing consumer concern regarding food safety makes it necessary to search for natural environmentally friendly alternative products for postharvest disease control. In this investigation, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) punnets containing thyme oil (TO sachets) and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films significantly reduced the incidence and severity of brown rot caused by Monilinia laxa in artificially inoculated peach fruits (cv. Kakawa) held at 25 °C for 5 days. Furthermore, PET punnets containing TO sachets and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films significantly reduced the brown rot incidence to 10% in naturally infected fruits stored at 0.5 °C, 90% RH for 7 days and at the simulated market shelf conditions for 3 days at 15 °C, 75% RH. The chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films maintained the active components of thyme oil, thymol (56.43% RA), caryophyllen (9.47% RA) and β-linalool (37.6% RA) within the (head space volatiles) punnet. Panellists preferred fruits packed from commercial punnet containing thyme oil (sachets) and sealed with chitosan/boehmite nanocomposite lidding films due to overall appearance, taste, and natural peach flavour.     

茎直黄芪内生真菌分离鉴定及其多样性分析

为探明茎直黄芪(Astragalus strictus)不同组织部位内生真菌种群分布及其物种多样性,对采自西藏工布江达县的茎直黄芪样品,运用形态学和rDNA-ITS序列分析技术鉴定其种属,并计算多样性指数。结果表明:从茎直黄芪424个组织块中分离到内生真菌336株,分属7纲、9目、10科、13属,其中Alternaria tenuissima分离率最高为32.14%,是优势种属,其次是Undifilum oxytropis,分离率为19.05%;多样性指数显示,茎直黄芪不同组织部位内生真菌多样性指数不同,花中内生真菌香农-维纳指数(2.16)及辛普森指数(0.154)及均匀度指数(0.80)均最高,表明其多样性最高,叶次之,茎最低。表明茎直黄芪不同组织内生真菌的数量、种属组成及多样性存在明显差异,花是内生真菌定植的主要部位,且其多样性最高。     

Growth measurements of saprotrophic fungi and bacteria reveal differences between canopy and forest floor soils

Canopy-held organic matter develops into a distinct soil system separate from the forest floor in wet temperate coniferous forests, creating a natural microcosm. We distinguished between fungal and bacterial components of the decomposer community in one site with Maple (Acer macrophyllum) and one site with Alder (Alnus rubra) by using direct measurements of growth; acetate incorporation into ergosterol, and leucine incorporation for fungi and bacteria, respectively. The higher organic matter content of the canopy soils correlated with higher fungal growth. The relative importance of fungi, indicated by fungal:bacterial growth ratio, was higher in the canopy soil of the Maple site, while there was no difference in the Alder site. The high C:N ratio of the Maple canopy soil likely contributed to this difference. These results demonstrate a divergence between canopy and forest floor that should be explored to gain insights in decomposer ecology using the natural microcosms that the canopy soils provide.     

Potential for monoterpenes to affect ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic fungal activity in coniferous forests is revealed by novel experimental system

The fungal community in coniferous forest soils plays a pivotal role in ecosystem processes such as decomposition and carbon and nutrient cycling. Both saprotrophic (SP) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi occur throughout the upper soil horizons in coniferous forests and could therefore be exposed to high concentrations of monoterpenes occurring in the needle litter and roots of some tree species. Previous work has noted the differential effects of monoterpenes on the mycelial growth of a range of both SP and ECM fungi when grown in artificial nutrient media. This study used a novel experimental system to assess the effect of environmentally relevant concentrations of monoterpenes on the activity of ECM and SP fungi grown on more natural substrata. Exposure of the ECM fungus Paxillus involutus (Batsch) Fr. to vapours of either α-pinene or β-pinene resulted in a significantly greater proportion of root tips being colonised by the fungus when it was grown with seedlings of Picea abies (L.) Karst. Exposure to monoterpenes resulted in a significant decrease in respiration rate of two species of litter degrading SP fungi, Mycena galopus var. candida J. E. Lange and Collybia butyracea (Bull.) P. Kumm. There was no difference in response between the two SP species, despite the fact that previous tests in liquid nutrient media, with monoterpenes at higher concentrations, indicated that one species was sensitive and one was not. The high volatility and low solubility of monoterpenes in water make them challenging to work with. The experimental system developed here, although still artificial, provides a bridge between pure culture studies in defined media and all the complexities of forest soils in the field, by allowing the exposure of fungi to environmentally relevant monoterpene concentrations in more natural substrata.     

Nutrient release from decomposing leaf litter of temperate deciduous forest trees along a gradient of increasing tree species diversity

In the litter of six deciduous tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Tilia spp., Fraxinus excelsior, Carpinus betulus, Acer pseudoplatanus and Acer platanoides) and in stand-specific litter mixtures, we compared mass loss and nutrient release across diversity levels along a gradient of decreasing proportion of Fagus in stands with similar environmental and physical soil conditions. The litterbag studies ran over 22 months. The decomposition rate constants (k) of the temperate forest species ranged from k = 0.5 for Fagus to k = 1.5-2 for all other tree species. In Fagus, k was closely negatively correlated with the thickness of the litter layer and positively correlated with soil pH and isopod abundance. k was significantly higher in the mixed species stands (except for Carpinus and Fraxinus) and was positively correlated with earthworm abundance. Over the whole incubation time, nutrient amount and release rates of N, P, K, Ca and Mg as well as C-related ratios showed significant differences between tree species but no consistent differences among the diversity levels. Initial C-related nutrient ratios of the leaf litter and abundance of mesofauna and macrofauna were correlated with the length of time lag before nutrient release. We conclude that the mere number of tree species is not the main driver of nutrient release and decomposition processes, but that key groups of the decomposer fauna as well as the characteristic traits of the individual tree species are decisive.     

城市旱垂柳平头后的腐朽规律与防控技术研究

研究牡丹江市城市旱垂柳立木腐朽菌种群的分布规律,发生发展状况及其对城市旱垂柳（Salix matsudana var．pseudo-matsudana y．l．Z）材的分解能力进行测定;对城市旱垂柳林的立木腐朽防治技术进行对比分析。研究结果表明：城市旱垂柳具有发达的愈伤组织系统、树皮保护系统,萌芽能力和生根能力特别强,根系发达等许多优良品质,因而其生命力特别顽强,抵御病虫害毁灭性打击的能力很强,它是城市森林的优质高效树种;城市旱垂柳林容易遭受人工整枝、整形、平头、机械伤害等强烈的干扰,导致17种以上木材腐朽菌的侵入,腐生率与林龄（胸径）呈正相关,随林龄的增大腐生真菌的种类相应增多,但死亡率较低;测定的毛革盖（Coriolus hirsutus（Wulf．：Fr．）Quél．）等8种旱垂柳木材腐朽菌的降解能力排序为：毛革盖,云芝,香栓,多毛盖菌,单色下皮黑,桦革裥,树舌,黑管菌。对旱垂柳林施行的一切园林技术措施都必须有利于其愈伤组织的快速愈合,以及树皮系统的尽力保护。