Distribution of stem decay in the beech trees of the Azerbaijan and its impact on the output of commercial wood

To determine the distribution of stem decay in the beech stands of Azerbaijan, we sought to identify the species, number, and height of attachment of fruiting bodies;the extent of decay in tree trunks growing under different conditions;and its influence on the trees’ commercial wood. The research was conducted on three farms representing the most common forest types of the Greater Caucasus within Azerbaijan. Examination of the presence of fruiting bodies in the tree trunk revealed that stem decay is the most common infection in beech (Fagus orientalis) stands, especially in fresh, moist areas, with less infection under dry growing conditions. In this work, the length, diameter, and volume of decay were studied by infecting the trunks of 93 model trees affected with mushrooms in 1–4 m cuttings. Our results showed that as the age of the stand increased, extent, diameter, and volume of decay increased significantly: the extent of decay from 1.47 to 6.43 m;the diameter of the decay from 8.15 to 32.7 cm;and the volume of decay from 2.5 to 13.2%. The relationship between age and the specified indicators is presented graphically. Using data obtained from the same sample of trees, we determined the expected and actual yield of commercial wood by age class. We determined that stem decay in beech stands leads to a decrease in the yield of commercial wood on average from 25.1% in the middle-aged to 14.8% in overmature plantations, respectively, with an estimated yield of 40.8–62.7%. Here we present mathematical models of the output of commercial wood from the infected part of the stands by age classes with the use of average data on the extent of decay in model trees.     

XPS and FTIR studies of fungus-stained Daemonorops margaritae

We explored the discoloration of rattan cane using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR). XPS analysis showed that after the cane was stained by Lasiodiplodia theobromae, carbon and oxygen elements and the ratio of oxygen to carbon decreased. Considering atomic binding,C_1 and C_4 contents increased, while C_2 and C_3 contents decreased, and the ratio of O_2 to O_1 decreased sharply. The relative contents of lignin, cellulose and polysaccharides increased and new substances with low O_2/O_1 ratio occurred. FTIR analysis showed that the absorption peaks of O–H at 3346 cm^-1, aliphatic C–H at 2921, 2853 and1464 cm^-1, and C=O at 1723 cm^-1, were characteristic peaks of fungal melanin intensified, indicating that cane discoloration was primarily caused by fungal melanin. The absorption peaks characterizing cellulose and lignin like polysaccharides at 800 cm^-1, C–H at 1374 cm^-1, C–O at1058 and 1038 cm^-1, phenolic hydroxyl at 1245 cm^-1,aromatic ether bonds at 1270 cm^-1, carbon skeleton at1608 cm^-1 and benzene ring at 1500 cm^-1 were enhanced since the fungus mainly consumed the extractives in cane cell lumens and the main composition content increased relatively. Regardless of the discoloration caused by natural fungi or inoculated fungi, the discoloring feature and composition changes were identical except that the fungusinoculated cane had more melanin.     

粤北地区杉木真菌性病害种类

对粤北地区 ( 小坑林场、龙山林场、大坑山林场 ) 杉木（Cunninghamia lanceolate）真菌性病害进行全面调查,共采集 86 份标本,分离病组织获得菌株 162 份,主要归属于炭疽菌属（Colletotrichum）、拟盘多毛孢属（Pestalotiopsis）、腐皮壳属（Diaporthe）、镰刀菌属（Fusarium）、黑孢菌属（Nigrospora）、拟茎点霉属（Phomopsis）、叶点霉属（Phyllosticta）以及散斑壳属（Lophodermium）等。根据病害症状粤北地区主要杉木病害包括：杉木立枯病、杉木炭疽病、杉木溃疡病、杉木顶枯病、杉木梢枯病、杉木赤枯病、杉木球果坏死。各林场杉木林中,杉木炭疽病普遍发生、分布广;种子园中杉木球果病害危害严重,直接影响球果的产量和质量;在大坑山林场 4-5 年生的林分中,杉木顶枯病大面积发生,但在其它地区少有发生;此外,杉木溃疡病、杉木赤枯病和杉木立枯病在个别无性系或者苗圃中零星发生,但危害较轻。     

内生菌HL-1可湿性粉剂研制及其除草活性评价

为研究内生菌HL-1可湿性粉剂的制备材料及其除草活性,本试验采用单因素法筛选生防除草内生菌HL-1最适碳氮源、固体发酵基质、适宜载体和助剂,制备可湿性粉剂,并进行盆栽和田间小区接种,测定其除草活性。结果表明：HL-1最适碳氮源分别是蔗糖和酵母浸粉,最适固体发酵基质为麦麸,最适载体与助剂为硅藻土、膨润土、羧甲基纤维素和可溶性淀粉;在苗期盆栽和田间小区试验中,菌株HL-1可湿性粉剂对繁缕（Stellaria media L.）、灰藜（Chenopodium album L.）、藜（Chenopodium glaucum L.）和密花香薷（Elsholtzia densa Benth.）4种杂草均表现出较强致病性,盆栽试验中对繁缕的发病率和鲜重效分别是85.50%和84.74%,小区试验中对繁缕的发病率和鲜重效分别是84.50%和85.36%。本试验制备的内生菌HL-1可湿性粉剂,可作为生防菌剂有效控制繁缕、灰藜等杂草。     

Optimization of an oxygen-based approach for community-level physiological profiling of soils

Current approaches for rapid assessment of carbon source utilization by whole soil communities (i.e., community-level physiological profiling or CLPP) provide a limited, biased view of microbial communities with little connection to in situ activities. We developed an alternative CLPP approach based upon fluorometric detection of dissolved oxygen consumption in a microtiter platform which offers flexible manipulation of experimental factors. In the attempt to reduce oxygen re-dissolution, the wells were filled with liquid to very near the top and sealed. We found that filling the wells with 240 vs. 150 μl of sample improved the sensitivity of the system to discern both the response to a substrate amendment as low as 10 mg l⁻¹ and un-amended, endogenous respiration. The preparation of a soil slurry facilitates inoculation into the microplate. Disruption of soil samples had a limited effect on the endogenous respiration in comparison to intact soil microbags in a 24-well microplate. Storage time (up to 33 days) reduced the level of activity in intact soil microbags but not in disrupted samples. A microcosm fertilization experiment was set to study the effects of N availability on the respiratory response in the plates. The use of soil organic carbon (SOC) and amended C-substrates (50 mg l⁻¹) was increased by the addition of nitrogen (N) in the plate, and appeared N-limited shortly after microcosm fertilization. The addition of the eukaryotic inhibitor cycloheximide delayed the initial increase in fluorescence (time to minimum response) of several C sources (casein, acetate, asparagine, coumaric acid), varying among soils, which could be explained by the fungal use of these compounds. However, the extent of the inhibition caused by cycloheximide did not increase at higher fungal to bacteria ratios as estimated by PLFA analysis, indicating that the direct estimation of the fungal biomass from cycloheximide addition is not feasible. This paper provides an optimized, standardized protocol for soil analysis, and sets the basis for further validation studies that will continue to define the underlying capabilities/biases of this approach.     

马铃薯真菌病害拮抗菌株鉴定及初步应用

针对马铃薯真菌病害发生严重、多种病害混合发生、缺乏安全有效防治方法的问题，对前期筛选出的高效拮抗 菌株BA-26 进行分类鉴定，研究其胞外代谢产物的稳定性，明确防病促生作用。通过形态特征、生理生化特性鉴定以及 16S rDNA 序列分析，BA-26 菌株为解淀粉芽孢杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens），该菌株对8 种马铃薯病原真菌均表现出 较强的拮抗作用，对茄链格孢菌（Alternaria solani）、茄病镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）、燕麦镰刀菌（Fusarium avenaceum） 的抑菌率大于80%；胞外代谢产物经100 ℃处理30 min、紫外照射8 h、pH 2～10 酸碱处理、蛋白酶处理1 h 后，相对抑菌 率均维持在80% 以上；室内抑菌活性测定结果表明BA-26 滤液对茄病镰刀菌的抑制率为91.3%；盆栽试验中，每盆施用 20 mL 浓度为4.0×10⁹ cfu · mL^-1 的BA-26 发酵液使马铃薯根长、须根数、株高、叶片中叶绿素含量分别显著增加32.07%、 111.94%、48.0%、19.6%。表明解淀粉芽孢杆菌BA-26 对马铃薯真菌病害抑菌谱宽，胞外代谢产物稳定性强，有较强的防病 促生作用，具有开发为马铃薯专用生防菌剂的潜力。     

Clinical Feasibility and Airway Deposition of Nebulized Voriconazole in Healthy Horses

Voriconazole (VRC) is a potential treatment for pneumomycosis in horses. The objectives of this study were to determine if the delivery of Vfend using a Flexineb nebulizer produced clinically significant [VRC] in lower airways. The hypothesis was that [VRC] after delivery by nebulization would be greater in the pulmonary epithelial lining fluid than plasma. A secondary objective was to determine [VRC] in upper airways through the collection of nasopharyngeal wash (NPW) samples. Voriconazole solution [Vfend-6.25 mg/mL, 100 (n = 2), 200 (n = 3), 500 (n = 1) mg] was nebulized once in 6 healthy geldings. Clinical responses, duration of nebulization, and [VRC] at various time points (up to 8 hours) in plasma, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) supernatant and cell pellet, and NPW samples were recorded. Voriconazole (Vfend-6.25 mg/mL, 200 mg) was nebulized in 5 additional, healthy geldings, and [VRC] was measured in NPW samples pre- and postnebulization at time points up to 8 hours. The antifungal activity of BALF and NPW samples was determined using agar disk diffusion. Concentrations of voriconazole were below detection in plasma, BALF supernatant, and cell pellets for all time points and doses except the BALF cell pellet (0.4 μg/g) immediately after nebulization of 500 mg. For 5 horses, administered 200 mg of Vfend, mean [VCR] in NPW at the end of nebulization and 1, 6, and 8 hours postnebulization were: 30.8 ± 29, 1.0 ± 0.84, 0.2 ± 0.19, and 0.34 ± 0.67 μg/mL, respectively. Only NPW samples obtained immediately postnebulization showed antifungal activity. A nebulized Vfend solution is not recommended for the treatment of pneumomycosis in horses.     

赤潮对引发赤潮藻类的种群稳定性影响的研究

研究结果表明,藻类种群数量一直较大,经常发生赤潮的藻类,种群会不稳定,藻类种群会发生衰退概率增大;藻类种群数量一直较小的藻类,偶尔发生赤潮,也会发生种群衰退概率增大.赤潮是藻类种群大量繁殖的结果,而经常发生赤潮又使藻类种群衰退概率增大,繁殖和衰退是矛盾的统一体,因此种群的更替是赤潮普遍的现象.     

城镇化过程中滇池流域不透水表面扩张特征及其水环境效应

以云南省昆明市滇池流域为研究区,揭示了滇池流域近30 a来高速城镇化发展过程中不透水表面扩张特征,在此基础上利用距离衰减函数和重力学模型分析了不透水表面扩张背景下的水环境效应。研究结果表明,滇池流域不透水表面呈现出沿着滇池全面扩张的趋势,高强度城区由2001年的1个变为2017年的4个,自然地表面积向不透水表面面积转移了35%,高强度城区面积比例由0.06%增加到了12.05%;近30 a来流域不透水表面增长速率超过了21 km2/a,在2004至2017期间,其增长速率达到了38 km2/a;不透水表面空间影响力与湖泊水质呈现出显著的相关关系,溶解氧(dissolved oxygen,DO)、叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl.a)、总磷(total phosphorus,TP)、高锰酸盐指数(permanganate index,PI)、酸碱度(potential of hydrogen,p H)、透明度(transparency,Trans)均通过了显著性检验;各水质参数呈现周期性变化,同时不透水表面扩张对水质参数的影响是显著的,表明滇池流域高速城镇化是导致滇池富营养化和蓝藻水华频繁爆发主要原因。