热处理改性木材的性能分析Ⅱ.热处理材的化学组成与耐腐防霉性能

检测热处理材的化学组成含量和耐腐、防霉性能.结果表明:热处理后木材的含水率降低,综纤维素含量减少,其中半纤维素含量降低,纤维素含量增加,酸不溶木素含量增加.热处理材的耐腐性显著提高,但不具有防霉性.     

白粉菌(Erysiphe graminis)侵染诱导表达的小麦糖苷水解酶基因TaGlc2的克隆与鉴定

真菌病害是世界小麦生产中的最重要的病害之一。目前,在小麦中已经鉴定出一批小麦病菌侵染诱导基因,包括病程相关基因和抗真菌水解酶基因（葡聚糖酶基因和几丁质酶基因）。最近的研究表明,植物1,3-β-葡聚糖酶参与对真菌侵染的防卫。本研究从小麦cDNA文库中克隆出一个编码小麦1,3-β-葡聚糖酶的新基因,命名为 TaGlc2。该基因编码的氨基酸序列与糖苷水解酶基因家族17高度同源。采用实时定量PCR分析方法对TaGlc2基因在白粉菌侵染(Erysiphe graminis)后小麦叶片中的表达模式进行研究,发现TaGlc2基因在白粉菌侵染6 h后表达明显增强,至24 h达到峰值,说明该基因受白粉菌侵染诱导表达。还获得了TaGlc2基因5'上游调控区序列,发现存在与病菌侵染响应有关的顺式元件。小麦TaGlc2基因在小麦白粉病抗性上可能具有重要作用。     

不同营养源对培养蜜环菌瓶装菌枝的影响

在甘孜州,用附着有蜜环菌菌索的野生天麻块茎进行组织分离获得的菌株作菌种,毛樱桃和刺叶栎一类的灌木作主要营养源,玉米和马铃薯作辅助营养源,培养瓶装菌枝,既可以有效发展天麻家栽,提高天麻产量和质量,满足其市场需求,又能够防止野生天麻资源因乱采滥挖而枯竭,防止相关资源因发展天麻家栽而毁灭的一项合理的技术措施。     

知母提取物抗真菌作用实验研究

目的观察知母提取物乳膏对豚鼠皮肤浅部真菌病的治疗作用及皮肤用药安全性。方法制备豚鼠皮肤须癣毛癣菌感染模型,观察知母提取物乳膏治疗效果;急性皮肤毒性实验和皮肤致敏实验,了解知母提取物乳膏的安全性。结果与乳膏基质比较,知母提取物乳膏对豚鼠须癣毛癣菌感染具有较好的治疗作用（P〈0.05）。毒理学实验表明,知母提取物乳膏对皮肤无明显的致敏作用及毒性。结论本研究初步证实了知母提取物对皮肤浅部真菌感染有较好的治疗作用,为临床应用纯中药制剂治疗皮肤浅部真菌病提供了科学依据。     

采后UV-C处理对葡萄抗病性和品质的影响

[目的]研究低辐能流短波紫外线（UV-C）处理对甬优1号葡萄腐烂的影响及作用机理,为UV-C应用于葡萄保鲜提供科学依据。[方法]葡萄贮藏前进行0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 kJ/m2 UV-C照射处理,然后在（0±1）℃、相对湿度90%环境下贮藏84 d。贮藏期间取样测定腐烂率、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性、多酚氧化酶（PPO）活性、几丁质酶（Chitinase）活性、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（β-1,3-Glucanase）活性以及总酚和总类黄酮含量。[结果]UV-C处理有效控制了葡萄果实腐烂,显著提高了PAL、PPO、几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性,诱导总酚和总类黄酮含量的迅速增加。[结论]UV-C处理抑制葡萄果实的腐烂与抗病相关酶活性和总酚、总类黄酮含量的升高密切相关。     

Within-field variability of Fusarium head blight pathogens and their associated mycotoxins

Within-field variability in the Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its associated mycotoxins was studied in four European countries. At each of 14 sites, each FHB pathogen and associated mycotoxins were quantified in 16 quadrat samples at harvest. Overall, the incidence of quadrat samples with detectable and quantifiable pathogen DNA was significantly lower in the grain than in the corresponding chaff. Deoxynivalenol (DON) was the most frequently detected toxin in the samples and its accumulation was most strongly associated with the presence of Fusarium graminearum. Nivalenol (NIV) accumulation was significantly associated only with the presence of F. culmorum. Zearalenone (ZON) accumulation was strongly associated with the presence of all three pathogens (F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. poae). The levels of both DON and ZON concentrations were positively related to the amount of F. graminearum DNA in the grain or in the chaff. The presence/absence of FHB pathogens within a single quadrat appeared to be independent of each other. The presence of a particular FHB pathogen and the amount of its DNA, as well as the associated mycotoxin(s), varied greatly among samples at each site. This study demonstrated the large extent of within-field variability of FHB and its associated mycotoxins, and the importance of representative sampling in FHB studies.     

Comparative epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens

Loss of zoospores has happened independently several times in different phylogenic lines and has, it is claimed, no major phylogenetic significance. But whether or not, how, and under which conditions plant pathogens retain the ability to produce motile asexual spores has fundamental importance from an ecological and epidemiological perspective. Recent molecular investigations of the early evolution of fungi and oomycetes are shedding light on the issue of zoospore loss in organisms able to cause plant diseases. Zoospore loss may have accompanied the development of new forms of dispersal adapted to the terrestrial environment, or the simplification processes which often follow the shift to parasitic or biotrophic life-forms. In this review we consider hybridisation events between Phytophthora species, long distance dispersal of oomycetes, sporangia and zoospore survival, direct and indirect infection processes and newly observed sporulating structures. These aspects are all relevant features for an understanding of the epidemiology of zoosporic plant pathogens. Disease management should not be based on the presumption that the zoosporic stage is a weak link in the life cycle. Oomycete plant pathogens show remarkable flexibility in their life cycles and ability to adapt to changing environmental circumstances.

几个主要因子对水葫芦链格孢生长和侵染力的影响

测试引起水葫芦黑斑病的生防真菌水葫芦链格孢(Alternaria tenuissima)的主要生物学特性(培养基、温度、pH值对菌落生长以及光照对产孢量的影响)和影响该菌株侵染力的3个主要因子(接种温度、光照、保湿时间),以期为该菌的大量发酵和真菌除草剂的研制奠定基础.试验结果表明,培养基、温度和酸碱度是影响该菌生长的...     

Organic matter and seed survival of Striga hermonthica – Mechanisms for seed depletion in the soil

Seed survival of Striga hermonthica is influenced by amendments of organic matter; however, the role of organic matter quality (C:N ratio) and mechanisms for enhanced seed decay are inadequately understood. In a field experiment, plots received a single dose of 6 t organic matter per hectare but with large differences in quality in terms of C:N ratio. Soil moisture, soil temperature and soil ethylene concentrations were measured, while buried nylon seed bags were periodically withdrawn from the soil and assayed for seed viability and germination. Organic matter amendments incorporated in the soil significantly depressed S. hermonthica seed survival. The effect was strongest with organic matter of high quality. Organic matter of low-quality enhanced soil water content during the first five days after a rainfall event and resulted in a 0.5 °C lower soil temperature. The highest observed ethylene concentrations in the soil were between 2 and 3 ppm, high enough to stimulate S. hermonthica seed germination. Maximal seed germination in vitro was obtained after 48 h of exposure to 1 ppm ethylene. However, observed changes in seed germination and viability of retrieved seed batches (seed survival) did not correlate with soil ethylene concentrations. The latter in turn did not differ between qualities of the applied organic matter. Seed survival decreased with increasing time of burial, especially after 4–8 weeks. As S. hermonthica attachment mainly occurs during the first four weeks of the cropping season the observed effect of seed decay may hardly be beneficial for the on-going cropping season. Nutrient release through decomposition of organic matter, enhancing decay of S. hermonthica seeds, is proposed as the probable cause of seed depletion in the soil.     

拮抗酵母菌结合热水浸泡处理对冬枣采后腐烂及品质的影响

采用拮抗酵母菌（美极梅奇酵母菌（Metschnikowia pulcherrima））单独处理或结合热水浸泡处理（55 ℃,30 s）冬枣果实, 研究在模拟货架条件下（24 ℃）贮藏7 d,不同处理对人工接种橘青霉或链格孢菌后冬枣伤口的腐烂率、病斑直径和对冬枣自然腐烂及贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,采用拮抗酵母菌单独处理及结合热水浸泡处理都可显著降低人工接种致病菌冬枣的腐烂率、病斑直径及减轻冬枣的自然腐烂程度,并能提高冬枣的贮藏品质,其中以美极梅奇酵母菌结合热水浸泡处理的效果最佳,是一种可替代化学杀菌剂控制冬枣果实采后腐烂的较理想的处理方法。