Instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from twelve cultivars

We compared the instrumental and sensory quality characteristics of blueberry fruit from ten highbush (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars, Chanticleer, Weymouth, Hannah's Choice, Duke, Bluecrop, Coville, Berkeley, Bluegold, Elliott and Lateblue and two rabbiteye (Vaccinium virgatum Aiton) cultivars, Coastal and Montgomery, grown in New Jersey. Cultivars varied in sensory intensity and acceptability scores. Highbush cultivars, Coville and Hannah's Choice, scored highest among the cultivars in sensory scores for intensity of blue color, juiciness, sweetness and blueberry-like flavor and for acceptability of appearance, color, fruit size, sweet/tart balance, flavor and overall eating quality. In contrast, rabbiteye cultivars, Coastal and Montgomery, and the highbush cultivars, Elliott and Weymouth, scored lowest among the cultivars in sensory scores for intensity of bursting energy, skin toughness, texture during chewing, juiciness, and blueberry-like flavor and for acceptability of appearance, color, fruit size, flavor and overall eating quality. Analytical quality characteristics of surface color, size, compression firmness, soluble solids content (SSC), pH, titratable acidity (TA), SSC/TA ratio, and aromatic volatile concentration also varied among cultivars, but no instrumental measurement adequately predicted consumer acceptability scores. The overall eating quality of blueberry fruit was best correlated with flavor scores followed by sensory scores for intensity of juiciness, bursting energy and sweetness and for acceptability of appearance.     

Managing biological variation in skin background colour along the postharvest chain of ‘Jonagold’ apples

Skin background colour is an important quality aspect in the grading of ‘Jonagold’ apples, with consumers usually preferring fruit with a green background colour. However, apple handlers are usually faced with large fruit-to-fruit variability of background colour within a population of fruit. In this study, a stochastic modelling approach was used to describe how the initial fruit-to-fruit variability in the background colour of ‘Jonagold’ apples present at harvest, propagates throughout the postharvest chain. Two hundred and twenty ‘Jonagold’ apple fruit were harvested and stored at 1 °C or 4 °C, under different controlled atmosphere (CA) conditions for 6 months, followed by 2 weeks exposure to shelf-life conditions, during which the background colour and ethylene production of the individual fruit were measured. A kinetic model was developed to describe the postharvest loss of skin greenness, by assuming that the loss was principally due to chlorophyll breakdown, the rate of which was dependent on the endogenous ethylene concentration. Stochastic model parameters were identified, and by treating these parameters as fruit-specific, the model could account for more than 95% of the variability of the data. By treating the stochastic model parameters as random factors, the Monte Carlo method was used to model and describe the propagation of the fruit-to-fruit variability of the background colour within a population of fruit. The model developed in this study might allow better management of variability in quality along the postharvest chain, by predicting how the initial fruit-to-fruit variability within a batch of apples will propagate throughout the postharvest chain, as a function of storage and shelf-life conditions.     

Assessing guava maturity by statistical analyses of dropped fruit impact responses

A non-destructive method for assessing the maturity of guava fruit was developed based on the mechanical properties obtained from dropped fruit impact responses. The levels of maturity were classified with cluster and discriminant analyses on the raw impact measurements and their derived indices. The number of indices being processed was reduced with stepwise regression analysis. The accuracy of classification was improved using linear discriminant analysis to 76.3% with the penetrometer stiffness as a calibrator and to 84.2% with postharvest days as a calibrator. The performance shows that falling impact together with adequate statistical analyses provides a promising non-destructive approach in assessing the maturity of guava. The non-destructive nature was validated by repeating the test on the same specimen. The test mechanism is mechanical and can therefore be integrated as the maturity inference engine on an automated guava sorter.     

外源物质处理对高温胁迫下苹果果实抗氧化能力的影响

高温胁迫下,果实表皮组织抗氧化代谢变化的总趋势是O2-和MDA含量升高,当胁迫在一定范围内,SOD和POD活性上升;超过一定限度,SOD和POD活性下降。外源自由基产生剂能够增加内源O2-的含量,同时极显著提高SOD的活性。试验结果表明,在45℃温度胁迫下,果实表皮组织O2-含量增加14.52％~61.70％;SOD活性提高1.07~1.66倍。不同种类外源活性氧产生剂对内源O2-含量的影响效能有所不同。碱性二亚硫酸钠可直接产生O2-,所以诱导内源O2-合成的效果更大一些。不同种类外源物质均可显著或极显著提高果实表皮组织SOD和POD活性,提高果实的抗热性。     

观花型梅花品种的开花结实特性

主要探讨南京中山陵园梅花山观花型梅花(俗称花梅)开花结实的特性,通过对花梅花器构造的观察,花粉量的观测,花粉发芽率的试验以及花梅自然着果率和果实特性的调查,从被研究的24个花梅品种中选出既观花又观果且观赏性极高的品种,为扩繁这部分花梅和提高南京梅花山花梅的整体观赏价值提供参考。       

不同强度修剪对幼龄期油茶无性系生长及结实的影响

2004年冬在江西中部新余市设置两片油茶幼林修剪试验林。结果表明,在生长势良好林分中,修剪处理对次年春梢的抽生长度、次年新梢数量以及次年产量均具有显著或极显著影响,但对全年新梢长度及粗度,以及次年的花芽数影响不显著。修剪虽然对无性系间的新梢长度和粗度影响不大,但对无性系间的新梢数量、花芽数量及产量却有显著影响。修剪对亚林4号和亚林56号无性系有较好的促进作用,而对亚林27号无性系有较明显的抑制作用。其新梢数量分别比对照增加87.20%和6.47%,而亚林27号无性系则比对照低49.33%;次年结果数则分别比对照增加153.72%和5.49%,而亚林27号无性系则比对照低44.39%。在生长势一般的林分中,强度修剪明显抑制了幼林的生长。因此,油茶幼林修剪需要考虑无性系和长势因素。     

Fruit tree Aphids and their natural enemies in Isparta region,Turkey

Fourteen aphid species belonging to eight genera and three families of the superfamily Aphidoidea were presented from Isparta region in fruit tree orchards. Among these, Dysaphis plantaginea, Aphis pomi and Dysaphis devecta, which cause harm to apples, are the most common species in the area because of the high amount of apple production. In addition, eight species from the family Coccinellidae (Coleoptera), three from Syrphidae (Diptera) and one species from Forficulidae (Dermaptera) were found as predator. Totally, eight species were determined as parasitoids from the families Aphidiidae, Aphelinidae and Pteromalidae (Hymenoptera).     

珍稀濒危植物──蝟实果实形态构造特点研究

对国家三级保护植物实（ＫｏｌｋｗｉｔｚｉａａｍａｂｉｌｉｓＣｒａｅｂｎ）果实的形态结构特点进行了研究，并就其种子形态结构特点与植物珍稀濒危的关系进行了初步探讨。