Influence of wheat variety and dough preparation on FODMAP content in yeast-leavened wheat breads

FODMAPs are fermentable oligo-, di, and monosaccharides and polyols, which can have adverse effects on human health. Especially in individuals with gastrointestinal disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, ingestion of FODMAPs may trigger or aggravate symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, or diarrhea. Our objectives were to investigate the FODMAP content in the flour of 21 wheat varieties and in their 42 yeast-leavened breads prepared with a short (110 min) or a long dough fermentation (24 h), the latter according to a typical baker's recipe. Fructan, glucose, fructose and excess fructose were measured using enzymatic kits. On average, the breads of both dough fermentations had a FODMAP content reduced by > 65% compared to that of the whole grain wheat flour. Average FODMAP content of both dough fermentations was 0.22 g per 100 g fresh bread. FODMAP content tended to be lower in the long compared to the short dough fermentation, however, the difference was not statistically significant. We also found that the 21 wheat varieties differed up to five times in their potential to form FODMAPs in bread. In conclusion, the choice of a low fructan wheat variety coupled with long dough fermentation with sourdough and yeast is best to minimize FODMAPs in breads.     

果聚糖对植物抗逆性的影响及相应基因工程研究进展

果聚糖是一类重要的可溶性碳水化合物,其在植物中的积累可提高植物的抗逆性。本文除了介绍果聚糖的有关知识外,重点综述了果聚糖对植物抗逆性的影响,并从果聚糖对渗透的调节,对膜的保护,在低温、干旱条件下果聚糖相关酶活性变化方面阐述了果聚糖抗旱、抗寒机制。此外,综述了提高果聚糖积累方面的基因工程研究进展及存在的相关问题。     

几个小麦基因型苗期抗旱性鉴定及相关生理指标分析

为了明确小麦抗旱性与果聚糖含量和叶绿素荧光特性间的关系,选用扬麦6号、扬麦12、新春9号、Bobwhite、宁春27、CB9945、03S58、8139等8个小麦基因型,从分蘖期开始进行干旱胁迫处理,每隔一定时期取叶片测定果聚糖含量,36 d后复水,统计存活率,抽穗期测定旗叶叶绿素荧光参数.结果表明,扬麦6号干旱胁迫处理后植株存活率(60.71%)显著高于其他几个基因型(1.19%～28.57%),表现出较强的抗旱性;干旱胁迫期间,扬麦6号叶片中果聚糖舍量明显增加,而其他基因型叶片中果聚糖含量几乎没有变化;扬麦6号PSⅡ原初光能转换效率(Fv,/Fm)最高(O.7977),显著高于03S58(0.6932)、Bobwhite(0.6879)和宁春27号(0.6285);PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)也以扬麦6号最高(3.9484),显著高于Bobwhite(2.7303)、新春9号(2.7187)、03S58(2.4034)和宁春27号(2.1619).这说明小麦苗期抗旱性与果聚糖含量和叶绿素荧光特性间有一定的关系,抗旱性强的基因型干旱胁迫期间果聚糖含量、叶绿素荧光参数Fv/Fm均较高.     

Effect of soluble dietary fibre addition on rheological and breadmaking properties of wheat doughs

The aim of this experimental work was to evaluate the effect of inulin addition on the rheological properties of common wheat doughs and bread quality. Three commercial fructan products of different number average degree of polymerisation (DPn) were used (DPn = 10 for inulin ST; DPn = 23 for inulin HP and HP-gel). Inulin contents from 2.5 to 7.5% on dry matter (wheat flour plus inulin) were used. Dough rheological properties were investigated using farinograph and dynamic rheological measurements. Upon addition of dietary fibre (DF), significant increase in mixing time and stability, and decrease in water absorption were recorded. Inulin ST exerted greater effect on water absorption than HP products.     

Distribution and characterisation of fructan in wheat milling fractions

Structure and health effects of inulin-type fructans have been extensively studied, while less is known about the properties of the graminan-type fructans in wheat. Arabinoxylan (AX) is another important indigestible component in cereal grains, which may have beneficial health effects. In this study, the fructan content in milling fractions of two wheat cultivars was determined and related to ash, dietary fibre and AX contents. The molecular weight distribution of the fructans was analysed with HPAEC-PAD and MALDI-TOF MS using ¹H NMR and enzymatic hydrolysis for identification of fructans. The fructan content (g/100 g) ranged from 1.5 ± 0.2 in flour to 3.6 ± 0.5 in shorts and 3.7 ± 0.3 in bran. A correlation was found between fructan content and dietary fibre content (r = 0.93, P < 0.001), but with a smaller variation in fructan content between inner and outer parts of the grain. About 50% of the dietary fibre consisted of AX in all fractions. The fructans were found to have a DP of up to 19 with a similar molecular weight distribution in the different fractions.     

Ta6-SFT在烟草中的逆境诱导型表达及抗旱性

分别构建CaMV35S启动子驱动的Ta6-SFT组成型植物表达载体和rd29A启动子驱动的逆境诱导型表达载体。利用农杆菌介导法分别导入烟草中,获得转基因株系,Southern杂交和Northern点杂交确定Ta6-SFT整合进转基因株系基因组中,并正常转录。以非转基因株系作对照,对2种转基因烟草株系进行干旱胁迫处理,采用半定量RT-PCR分析Ta6-SFT在转基因株系中的表达,同时测定胁迫0 d和18 d果聚糖含量及部分农艺性状。结果表明,含有rd29A启动子的逆境诱导型株系中Ta6-SFT相对表达量比在含CaMV35S启动子的组成型株系中高,而且积累更多的果聚糖;从株高、1/2株高处茎粗、叶面积数据来看,逆境诱导型转基因株系的生长势优于组成型株系,对干旱表现强的耐性。因此,在转基因植物中逆境诱导型表达Ta6-SFT基因将发挥更好的抗逆功能。     

干旱胁迫对小麦花后不同器官果聚糖代谢和转运的影响

为探索干旱胁迫对小麦花后不同器官果聚糖生理代谢和转运的影响,以抗旱性有显著差异的两个冬小麦品种为材料,在干旱胁迫(drought stress,DS)和正常灌溉(well watered,WW)条件下,研究了小麦花后主穗颖壳和主茎不同节位果聚糖代谢转运动态规律及其与籽粒灌浆的相关性。结果表明,小麦灌浆期不同器官果聚糖代谢转运受基因型、器官、花后天数和水分环境以及各因子互作显著影响;器官、花后天数和花后天数与水分互作是调控小麦花后果聚糖代谢转运的主要影响因子。小麦花后不同器官果聚糖含量均呈先升后降趋势。与正常灌溉处理相比,干旱胁迫缩短了果聚糖含量峰值出现的时间(提前5d),对果聚糖代谢的影响表现为"先促积累、后促降解"效应,此效应在抗旱品种陇鉴19和小麦颖壳、穗下节和倒二节等器官中更显著。干旱胁迫显著抑制了小麦花后蔗糖:蔗糖果糖基转移酶(1-SST)活性,提高了果聚糖外水解酶(FEH)活性;果聚糖含量与FEH酶活性正相关。小麦粒重与不同器官的1-SST活性、倒二节和倒三节的FEH活性呈显著或极显著负相关;灌浆速率与不同器官的果聚糖含量、颖壳和穗下节的FEH活性呈显著或极显著正相关。干旱胁迫显著促进了小麦不同器官果聚糖的转运和再分配,其转运率和对籽粒粒重的贡献率分别达6.86%~70.52%和0.07%~4.93%,其中,花前显著高于花后,陇鉴19高于Q 9086,穗下节和倒二节高于颖壳和倒三节。     

Quantification of fructan concentration in grasses using NIR spectroscopy and PLSR

Near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopy combined with chemometrics was used to quantify fructan concentration in samples from seven grass species. Savitzky–Golay first derivative with filter width 7 and polynomial order 2 with mean centering was applied as a spectral pre-treatment method to remove unimportant baseline signals. In order to model the NIR spectroscopy data the partial least squares regression (PLSR) approach was used on the full spectra. Variable selection based on PLSR by jack-knifing within a cross-model validation (CMV) framework was applied in order to remove non-relevant spectral regions. PLSR was also used to model fructan concentrations from an augmented matrix [X|G], where X is spectra and G is correlation matrix of band specific information and X, in order to integrate the chemical band information in regression models. The present analysis showed that rapid quantification of fructans by NIR spectroscopy is possible and that jack-knifing PLSR within a CMV framework is an effective way to eliminate the wavelengths of no interest. Jack-knifing PLSR did not improve the predictive ability because the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) increased (1.37) compared to the full model (1.26). This was possibly due to signals from carbohydrates, which could act as cofactor in the prediction of fructans. However, jack-knifing PLSR within a CMV framework simplified the interpretation of the regression model with r² = 0.90 and RMSEP = 1.37.