Expression of the tobacco β-1,3-glucanase gene, PR-2d, following induction of SAR with Peronospora tabacina

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is induced following inoculation of Peronospora tabacina sporangia into the stems of Nicotiana tabacum plants highly susceptible to the pathogen. Previous results have shown that accumulation of acidic β-1,3-glucanases (PR-2's) following induction of SAR by P. tabacina may contribute to resistance to P. tabacina. We showed that up-regulation of the PR-2 gene, PR-2d, following stem inoculation with P. tabacina, is associated with SAR. Studies using plants transformed with GUS constructs containing the full length promoter from PR-2d or promoter deletions, provided evidence that a previously characterized regulatory element that is involved in response to salicylic acid (SA), may be involved in regulation of PR-2d following induction of SAR with P. tabacina. This work provides evidence that regulation of PR-2 genes during P. tabacina-induced SAR may be similar to regulation of these genes during infection of N-gene tobacco by TMV or following exogenous application of SA, and provides further support for the role of SA in regulation of genes during P. tabacina-induced SAR.     

红肉火龙果不同品种的果实品质和氨基酸组成比较

摘 要:为了综合评价广西主栽的不同红肉火龙果品种的果实品质特性和氨基酸组成,以金都1号、大红、蜜宝、美龙3号四个品种为研究对象,对其果实品质和氨基酸组分及含量等指标进行全面系统的比较,旨在为火龙果的种植生产、加工和食用等提供理论依据。结果表明：4个火龙果品种果实外形端正,色泽鲜艳,品质佳,其中金都1号果实最大,美龙3号最小;金都1号和蜜宝的果形为近圆形,大红和美龙3号为椭圆形;萼片都是三角形,金都1号和大红较长,蜜宝较短;萼片数最多的是大红,最少的是蜜宝;果皮最厚的是美龙3号,最薄的是蜜宝;可食率最高的是蜜宝;金都1号果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、还原糖、可滴定酸、维生素C、甜味氨基酸、苏氨酸、蛋氨酸和脯氨酸的含量以及必需氨基酸在总氨基酸中的比例最高,大红的17种氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、芳香族氨基酸、赖氨酸、苯丙氨酸、缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸、组氨酸、精氨酸、门冬氨酸和甘氨酸的含量最高,蜜宝的胱氨酸、丙氨酸、丝氨酸和谷氨酸的含量最高,美龙3号的酪氨酸含量最高。4个红肉火龙果品种果实所含的17种氨基酸中,排在前五位的是谷氨酸、脯氨酸、精氨酸、亮氨酸、门冬氨酸。综合进行评价,金都1号的综合品质性状最佳,其次是大红。     

Fecal D- and L-lactate, succinate and volatile fatty acid levels, and relationships with fecal acidity and diarrhea in neonatal calves

To clarify the significance of fecal organic anions in neonatal diarrhea, a total of 252 fecal samples (91 diarrheic, 161 normal) were collected from 136 dairy calves (including three crossbreds) less than 4 weeks old. Fecal pH, D‐ and L‐lactate, succinate and volatile fatty acid (VFA) were analyzed. In normal feces, lactate was highest and VFA was lowest at week 1 of age, and lactate progressively decreased and VFA progressively increased with advancing age. In diarrheic samples, although higher pH and lower lactate levels were confirmed at week 1, samples at weeks 3–4 showed lower pH and VFA accompanied by higher lactate of D and L‐isomers. In diarrhea, fecal butyrate was significantly lower at all stages, but succinate levels did not differ significantly. The proportion of lactate to organic anions (sum of lactate, succinate and VFA) in diarrheic feces was lower at week 1, and higher in weeks 2–4, while that of VFA to organic anions showed the opposite pattern. Strong relationships were observed between fecal pH and lactate, and VFA proportions in organic anions, though the relationship was weak in diarrhea. Most of the elevated lactate was observed in fecal samples with lower VFA. However, succinate had no relationship with VFA or lactate levels.     

转YHem1 番茄植株耐盐性的研究

 YHem1是一个由拟南芥HemA1启动子（一种光响应型启动子）控制的酿酒酵母菌5–氨基乙酰丙酸（ALA）合酶基因（Hem1）。将该基因转化番茄植株,可以提高叶片内源ALA含量及其代谢能力,增加叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性,并降低产生速率和丙二醛（MDA）含量。200 mmol ·L^-1 NaCl处理,降低了野生型番茄叶片ALA合成与代谢能力和叶绿素含量,同时诱导叶片产生速率、H₂O₂和丙二醛（MDA）含量上升,而超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）等抗氧化酶活性则逐渐降低。盐胁迫也导致转YHem1番茄ALA合成与代谢能力、叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活性下降,但其降幅明显低于野生型。盐处理10 d后,转基因番茄植株保持着较高的生物学积累量和较低的盐胁迫抑制程度,说明转入YHem1基因可以提高番茄耐盐性。此外,转基因番茄叶片H₂O₂含量始终保持较高水平,暗示其可能作为一种信号分子参与细胞生理调节。     

甘草多糖和甘草酸对NDV感染鸡胚成纤维细胞能力的影响

从甘草中提取甘草多糖和甘草酸,进行抗病毒活性比较。用MTT法比较了它们对鸡胚成纤维细胞(CEF)生长及以三种加药方式(先药后毒、先毒后药、药毒同时)抵抗新城疫病毒(NDV)感染细胞的影响,并用平均病毒抑制率比较甘草多糖和甘草酸的抗病毒活性。结果表明,先药后毒,甘草多糖能显著抑制NDV感染细胞(P0.05),平均病毒抑制率为60.6%;先毒后药,甘草多糖和甘草酸都能显著抑制NDV感染细胞(P0.05),其中甘草多糖的平均病毒抑制率为74.28%,甘草酸为62.3%。通过平均病毒抑制率比较,表明甘草多糖的抗病毒活性优于甘草酸。     

瘤胃上皮内的乳酸吸收及其转运载体蛋白研究进展

乳酸作为瘤胃内的中间代谢产物,其合理的清除与有效的利用在由高精料诱导的瘤胃酸中毒的研究中十分重要。现有研究表明,瘤胃上皮在乳酸吸收方面发挥着一定的作用,因此,本文从瘤胃上皮的乳酸吸收以及吸收过程中涉及的转运载体蛋白进行综述,为进一步了解乳酸在瘤胃内的转运过程提供理论依据。     

基于磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法的松茸生长土壤微生物测定

为探明松茸生长土壤微生物群落的变化特征及其开发利用提供理论依据,运用磷脂脂肪酸生物标记法（PLFA）分析了黑龙江省松茸生长地246 m（山下部）、397 m（山中部）、531 m（山上部）和659 m（山顶部）不同海拔土壤的微生物群落结构特征。结果表明：革兰氏阴性菌和真菌表现为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部,且差异显著（P ＜0．05）;革兰氏阳性菌、真菌／细菌比值和磷脂脂肪酸总量表现为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部,但山中部与山上部差异不显著（P ＞0．05）;放线菌表现为山上部＞山中部＞山顶部＞山下部,且差异显著（P ＜0．05）;革兰氏阳性菌／革兰氏阴性菌比值表现为山顶部＞山下部＞山上部＞山中部,但山中部和山上部间差异不显著。土壤微生物多样性指数为山中部＞山上部＞山顶部＞山下部。经主成分分析,不同海拔高度土壤微生物群落结构间存在显著差异。     

Amino Acid-Coupled Bromophenols and a Sulfated Dimethylsulfonium Lanosol from the Red Alga Vertebrata lanosa

Vertebrata lanosa is a red alga that can commonly be found along the shores of Europe and North America. Its composition of bromophenols has been studied intensely. The aim of the current study was therefore to further investigate the phytochemistry of this alga, focusing more on the polar components. In total, 23 substances were isolated, including lanosol-4,7-disulfate (4) and the new compounds 3,5-dibromotyrosine (12), 3-bromo-5-sulfodihydroxyphenylalanine (13), 3-bromo-6-lanosyl dihydroxyphenylalanine (14), 3-(6′-lanosyl lanosyl) tyrosine (15) and 5-sulfovertebratol (16). In addition, 4-sulfo-7-dimethylsulfonium lanosol (7) was identified. While, in general, the dimethylsulfonium moiety is widespread in algae, its appearance in bromophenol is unique. Moreover, the major glycerogalactolipids, including the new ((5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)-eicosapentaenoic acid 3′-[(6′’-O-α-galactopyranosyl-β-D-galactopyranosyl)]-1-glycerol ester (23), and mycosporine-like amino acids, porphyra-334 (17), aplysiapalythine A (18) and palythine (19), were identified.     

Production of Carotenoids and Phospholipids by Thraustochytrium sp. in Batch and Repeated-Batch Culture

The carotenogenic thraustochytrid Thraustochytrium sp. RT2316-16 was grown in batch and repeated-batch cultures using different feeds containing glucose, or glycerol, and yeast extract, for the production of lipids, phospholipids and carotenoids. RT2316-16 produced canthaxanthin, astaxanthin and β-carotene. The effects of biotin, ascorbic acid, light and temperature were evaluated in some of the experiments. In 2-day-old batch cultures, the combined mass percentage of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in total lipids was between 16.5% (glycerol-based medium in the dark; biomass concentration = 4.2 ± 1.1 g L⁻¹) and 42.6% (glucose-based medium under light; biomass concentration = 3.3 ± 0.1 g L⁻¹), decreasing to 3.8% and 6.1%, respectively, after day 4. In repeated-batch cultures, the total lipids in the biomass increased after glucose or glycerol was fed alone, whereas the total carotenoids (168 ± 7 μg g⁻¹ dry weight (DW)) and phospholipids in the biomass increased after feeding with yeast extract. The biomass with the highest content of phospholipids (28.7 ± 4.3 mg g⁻¹ DW) was obtained using a feed medium formulated with glycerol, yeast extract and ascorbic acid. Glycerol was the best carbon source for the production of a biomass enriched with total lipids (467 ± 45 mg g⁻¹ DW). The composition of carotenoids depended strongly on the composition of the feed. Repeated-batch cultures fed with yeast extract contained canthaxanthin as the main carotenoid, whereas in the cultures fed only with glucose, the biomass contained mainly β-carotene.     

In vitro susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae to organic acids and essential oil components

The antibacterial potential of organic acids and essential oil components against Brachyspirahyodysenteriae, the causative pathogen of swine dysentery, was evaluated. Minimum inhibitoryconcentrations (MIC) of 15 compounds were determined at pH 7.2 and pH 6.0, using a broth microdilution assay.In addition, possible synergism was determined. MIC values for the three tested strains were similar. Fororganic acids, MIC values at pH 6.0 were lower than at pH 7.2. B. hyodysenteriae was mostsensitive to cinnamaldehyde and lauric acid, with MIC values <1.5 mM. Most antibacterial effects of binarycombinations were additive, however, for thymol and carvacrol, synergism could be observed. Invitro results demonstrate the antibacterial action of certain essential oil components and organicacids against B. hyodysenteriae.