Accessing genetic resources: international law establishes multilateral system

The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture is rapidly gathering sufficient ratifications to become international law. Once it enters into force, it will define the rules for access and benefit-sharing associated with most genetic resources of major food crops. This paper explains how the new Multilateral System established by the Treaty will work, and points out a number of ambiguities and problems in the text. Despite these shortcomings, the Treaty provides the international community of researchers, plant breeders, and farmers with an opportunity to foster cooperation and further the conservation and use of plant genetic resources.     

双螺杆食品挤压机计算机控制系统研究

为了提高双螺杆食品挤压机挤出食品的质量，在对挤压过程进行了分析和研究的基础上，研制了一套计算机控制系统。该系统能够自动控制双螺杆食品挤压机的各区温度和机头压力，能够在计算机屏幕上实时模拟挤压机的工作状态。经现场使用表明，该控制系统工作稳定、可靠，操作方便，省时、省工，确保了双螺杆食品挤压机挤出食品的质量的提高。     

Carbon fluxes in soil food webs of increasing complexity revealed by C labelling and C natural abundance

Soil food webs are mainly based on three primary carbon (C) sources: root exudates, litter, and recalcitrant soil organic matter (SOM). These C sources vary in their availability and accessibility to soil organisms, which could lead to different pathways in soil food webs. The presence of three C isotopes (¹²C, ¹³C and ¹⁴C) offers an unique opportunity to investigate all three C sources simultaneously. In a microcosm experiment we studied the effect of food web complexity on the utilization of the three carbon sources. We choose an incomplete three factorial design with (i) living plants, (ii) litter and (iii) food web complexity. The most complex food web consisted of autochthonous microorganisms, nematodes, collembola, predatory mites, endogeic and anecic earthworms. We traced C from all three sources in soil, in CO₂ efflux and in individual organism groups by using maize grown on soil developed under C₃ vegetation and application of ¹⁴C labelled ryegrass shoots as a litter layer. The presence of living plants had a much greater effect on C pathways than food web complexity. Litter decomposition, measured as ¹⁴CO₂ efflux, was decreased in the presence of living plants from 71% to 33%. However, living plants increased the incorporation of litter C into microbial biomass and arrested carbon in the litter layer and in the upper soil layer. The only significant effect of food web complexity was on the litter C distribution in the soil layers. In treatments with fungivorous microarthropods (Collembola) the incorporation of litter carbon into mineral soil was reduced. Root exudates as C source were passed through rhizosphere microorganisms to the predator level (at least to the third trophic level). We conclude that living plants strongly affected C flows, directly by being a source of additional C, and indirectly by modifying the existing C flows within the food web including CO₂ efflux from the soil and litter decomposition.     

农用化学品及废弃物对土壤环境与食物安全的影响

综述了农用化学品和废弃物(化肥、农药、酸沉降、污水污泥、畜禽粪便和“三废”等)利用现状及其对土壤环境污染与食物安全的影响。     

Impacts of population growth, economic development, and technical change on global food production and consumption

Over the next decades mankind will demand more food from fewer land and water resources. This study quantifies the food production impacts of four alternative development scenarios from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment and the Special Report on Emission Scenarios. Partially and jointly considered are land and water supply impacts from population growth, and technical change, as well as forest and agricultural commodity demand shifts from population growth and economic development. The income impacts on food demand are computed with dynamic elasticities. Simulations with a global, partial equilibrium model of the agricultural and forest sectors show that per capita food levels increase in all examined development scenarios with minor impacts on food prices. Global agricultural land increases by up to 14% between 2010 and 2030. Deforestation restrictions strongly impact the price of land and water resources but have little consequences for the global level of food production and food prices. While projected income changes have the highest partial impact on per capita food consumption levels, population growth leads to the highest increase in total food production. The impact of technical change is amplified or mitigated by adaptations of land management intensities.     

欧盟的粮食安全政策及对我国的启示

分析探讨了欧盟国家对粮食安全的认识,介绍和分析了欧盟国家在粮食安全问题上的政策和措施,通过与我国农业发展现状的比较,揭示了欧盟食物安全政策对我国粮食安全和现代化农业建设所具有的重要启示作用,提出了加强粮食安全和农业发展的建议和措施.建立符合中国国情的粮食预警体系;实施农业保护政策,提高农业综合生产能力;深化粮食流通体制改革,建立安全可靠的粮食储备系统;建立食物安全生产的诱导机制;生态建设要与粮食生产能力建设和储备相结合.     

全国小豆豇豆优异种质资源综合评价

将“六五”和“七五”期间各省、市初步选出的优异种质,包括单一性状和综合性状优异的种质资源,在“八五”期间进行再评价。安徽试点承担小豆优异种质产量鉴定、豇豆优异种质产量鉴定和豇豆优异种质资源观察鉴定圃等三项试验。经田间试验和统计分析,初步选出7—8个产量高、综合性状优良的小豆和豇豆品种,还选出一批具有矮生、早熟、大粒、多荚、蛋白质含量高的单项性状优良的种质资源,供育种、生物科学和生产上利用。     

构建我国食品安全监管体系的研究

从食品安全在构建社会主义和谐社会中的重大作用出发,分析了现阶段我国食品监管体系存在的问题。同时借鉴国外对食品安全监管的原则和方法,从监管体系方面提出了几点对策和措施。     

农药管理中豁免物质的规定

豁免物质的制订对保护消费者的利益、指导各国食品的安全生产和开展食品的公平贸易有非常重要的意义.对日本"肯定列表制度"、美国联邦法规(CFR法规)和欧盟149/2008法规中所列的豁免物质进行了比较分析,对其豁免物质的类型和适用的范围等方面进行了讨论.研究表明,美国对豁免物质的规定最为详细,日本和欧盟的规定对于指导实际生产有一定的参考.     

蒲公英在食品中的开发与应用

蒲公英既是传统的营养保健野菜,又是常用的中药材,富含多种营养元素及保健功能因子,有很大的开发价值.就蒲公英的营养成分及在食品中的应用现状作一阐述,为蒲公英在食品中的深度开发提供理论参考.