阳坡山地花椒园的立地条件和丰产试验

阳坡山地花椒园光热充足,但土壤水分、养分条件较差,因而,限制了单株产量。采用园地覆膜、尿素叶面喷肥技术措施能明显提高单株产量,是石灰岩山地花椒园的重要增产措施。     

水载型木材防腐剂有效成分的加速固着方法

以铬化砷酸铜(CCA)为代表的水载型防腐剂,逐渐被其他主要有效成分为铜的水载型防腐剂取代,这类防腐剂中的.针对水载型防腐剂抗流失性差的缺点,介绍4种用于加速防腐剂中有效成分在木材中固着的方法,分析了这些方法对水载型防腐剂中有效成分的固着效果,并就如何加速ACQ中有效成分的固着研究进行了分析和展望.     

Relationships between soil and foliar nutrients in young densely planted mini-plots of Pinus radiata and Cupressus lusitanica

The long-term nature of forest crop rotations makes it difficult to determine impacts of forestry on soil nutrients that might be depleted by forest growth. We used small scale, highly stocked plots to compress the length of the rotation and rapidly induce nutrient depletion. In the study, two species (Pinus radiata D. Don and Cupressus lusitanica Miller) are compared under two disturbance regimes (soil undisturbed and compacted), and two fertiliser treatments (nil and plus fertiliser), applied in factorial combination at 33 sites, covering the range of climatic and edaphic variation found in plantation forests across New Zealand. To assess our ability to rapidly highlight important soil properties, foliar nutrient concentrations were determined 20 months after planting. It was hypothesised that the densely planted plots, even at a young age, would create sufficient pressure on nutrient resources to allow development of relationships between properties used as indicies of soil nutrient availability and foliar nutrient concentrations. For both species significant relationships between foliar nutrients and 0–10 cm layer soil properties from unfertilised plots were evident for N (total and mineralisable N) and P (total, acid extractable, organic, Bray-2 and Olsen P). With the exception of Ca in C. lusitanica, foliar K, Ca and Mg were correlated with their respective soil exchangeable cation measures. The results thus confirm the utility of the experimental approach and the relevance of the measured soil properties for forest productivity.

In unfertilised plots foliar N and P concentrations in P. radiata exceeded those in C. lusitanica, the differences being eliminated by fertiliser application. Foliar N/P ratios in P. radiata also exceeded those in C. lusitanica. In contrast to N and P, foliar K, Ca and Mg concentrations were all higher in C. lusitanica, the difference being particularly marked for Ca and Mg. P. radiata contained substantially higher concentrations of the metals Zn, Mn and Al than C. lusitanica, whereas the latter contained higher B concentrations. Possible reasons for differences between species in foliar nutrient concentrations are discussed.     

Soil respiration and nitrogen leaching decreased in grey alder (Alnus incana (L.) Moench) coppice after clear-cut

ABSTRACT

Grey alder (Alnus incana) is a highly productive indigenous tree species, potential for short-rotation forestry in the Baltic and Nordic countries. The aim of the study was to investigate the development of a new forest generation, as well as the nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) storages and fluxes in a grey alder regenerating coppice (COP) after clear-cut and in an adjacent unharvested 21-year-old stand (MAT), which had reached its bulk maturity. The regeneration of COP was rapid and 5 years after clear-cut, stem mass was 6.4?t?ha^?1. The nitrogen demand of the aboveground part of the 5-year-old COP trees was estimated to be roughly half of the corresponding value for MAT, depending mostly on leaf production. The annual N leaching flux in MAT was in the range of 16–29?kg?ha^?1, the corresponding values for COP were roughly half of that. Net nitrogen mineralization did not differ significantly between MAT (117?kg?ha^?1) and COP (129?kg?ha^?1). For the soil respiration study, a 32-year-old grey alder stand growing at a similar site was included; soil respiration was significantly higher in MAT compared to COP in all study years in both studied stands.     

季铵铜防腐木中有效成分总流失率的动力学分析

以季铵铜防腐剂处理的南方松为试材,参照美国AWPA E11-06标准,分析10、30和50℃3种温度条件下防腐木中有效成分的总流失率,并基于时间-温度叠加原理,运用阿伦尼乌斯方程,进行总流失率的动力学分析.结果表明:3种温度条件下铜和DDAC的流失趋势是一致的.根据铜和DDAC总流失率,得出防腐木表面的活化能为Ea=54.59 kJ/moL,相关系数R2达到0.98以上,拟合性较好,由此证明可以用动力学分析方法预测ACQ防腐材中铜和DDAC在10～50℃温度范围内总流失率变化.     

Evaluating irrigation strategies for lettuce by simulation: 2. Nitrogen budget

A mechanistic water-flow, solute transport and crop growth model was used to compare three irrigation strategies for lettuce in French Mediterranean conditions: (1) the current strategy based on the occurrence of rainfall, (2) a strategy based on a simplified modelling of the soil water balance and (3) a strategy based on tensiometer readings. Water and solute instantaneous fluxes versus time were simulated for two growing periods (summer and autumn) over 100 years. The climatic data were provided by a weather generator. Leenhardt et al. (1998) compared the three strategies with regard to their effects on water flows in the soil. The present paper deals with their effects on the nitrogen balance and particularly nitrate leaching.

The three strategies rank similarly for all processes of the N cycle. Strategy 1 generates soil water content conditions favourable to denitrification and nitrate leaching and less favourable to mineralisation and nitrification, leading to a low NO⁻₃ availability for the crop, and thus a low nitrate uptake. Strategy 1 minimizes the water stress but induces the maximum nitrogen stress. At the other extreme is strategy 3, whereas strategy 2 has an intermediate position, but closer, however, to strategy 3 than 1. A direct conclusion would suggest avoiding strategy 1 and choosing strategy 3.     

Nitrate leaching in a silage maize field under different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer rates

Quantification of the interactive effects of nitrogen (N) and water on nitrate (NO₃) loss provides an important insight for more effective N and water management. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer levels on nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃-N) leaching in a silage maize field. The experiment included four irrigation levels (0.7, 0.85, 1.0, and 1.13 of soil moisture depletion, SMD) and three N fertilization levels (0, 142, and 189 kg N ha⁻¹), with three replications. Ceramic suction cups were used to extract soil solution at 30 and 60 cm soil depths for all 36 experimental plots. Soil NO₃-N content of 0-30 and 30-60-cm layers were evaluated at planting and harvest maturity. Total N uptake (NU) by the crop was also determined. Maximum NO₃-N leaching out of the 60-cm soil layer was 8.43 kg N ha⁻¹, for the 142 kg N ha⁻¹ and over irrigation (1.13 SMD) treatment. The minimum and maximum seasonal average NO₃ concentration at the 60 cm depth was 46 and 138 mg l⁻¹, respectively. Based on our findings, it is possible to control NO₃ leaching out of the root zone during the growing season with a proper combination of irrigation and fertilizer management.     

Cover crop effects on nitrogen load in tile drainage from Walnut Creek Iowa using root zone water quality (RZWQ) model

Studies quantifying winter annual cover crop effects on water quality are mostly limited to short-term studies at the plot scale. Long-term studies scaling-up water quality effects of cover crops to the watershed scale provide more integrated spatial responses from the landscape. The objective of this research was to quantify N loads from artificial subsurface drainage (tile drains) in a subbasin of the Walnut Creek, Iowa (Story county) watershed using the hybrid RZWQ-DSSAT model for a maize (Zea mays L.)-soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and maize-maize-soybean rotations in all phases with and without a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cover crop during a 25-year period from 1981 to 2005. Simulated cover crop dry matter (DM) and N uptake averaged 1854 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the spring in the maize-soybean phase of the 2-year rotation and 1895 and 36 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase during 1981-2005. In the 3-year rotation, cover crop DM and N uptake averaged 2047 and 44 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-maize-soybean phase, 2039 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize-maize phase, and 1963 and 43 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean-maize phase during the same period. Annual N loads to tile drains averaged 29 kg ha⁻¹ in the maize-soybean phase and 25 kg ha⁻¹ in the soybean-maize phase compared to 21 and 20 kg ha⁻¹ in the same phases with a cover crop. In the 3-year rotation, annual N loads averaged 46, 43, and 45 kg ha⁻¹ in each phase of the rotation without a cover crop and 37, 35, and 35 kg ha⁻¹ with a cover crop. These results indicate using a winter annual cover crop can reduce annual N loads to tile drains 20-28% in the 2-year rotation and 19-22% in the 3-year rotation at the watershed subbasin scale over a 25-year period.     

滨海吹填土灌排工程改良效果研究

通过田间试验,对灌排工程改良措施改良滨海吹填土的效果进行了研究。结果表明,改良过程中排水工程从小区排出了大量的盐分,排出水矿化度从55.109g/L下降到5g/L左右。灌排措施下,300mm左右的淋洗水量能使0～40cm土层土壤脱盐率达到约65%,但不能使0～100cm土体整体脱盐;约700mm淋洗用水量能使0～100...     

Aquacrop模型在北疆棉花生育期灌溉洗盐制度优化中的适用性

为明确Aquacrop模型在北疆棉田膜下滴灌和地下滴灌方式下生长和生产模拟的适用性,并探究棉田生育期最优灌溉洗盐制度,该研究以2020和2021年的田间试验数据对模型参数进行校正和验证,并用校正好的模型揭示3种灌溉水平（100%ETc、80%ETc、60%ETc,其中ETc为作物需水量）、3种淋洗总定额（0、120和240 mm）、3种灌水频率（5、7和10 d/次）和3种降水年型（湿润年、平水年、干旱年）对棉花产量和灌溉水生产力的影响。结果表明,2021年所有处理的冠层覆盖度、地上生物量归一化均方根误差（normalized root mean square error, NRMSE）不大于20.998%,一致性指数d≥0.967,决定系数R²≥0.914,产量均方根误差（root mean square error, RMSE）、NRMSE、d和R²分别为0.389 t/hm²、6.797%、0.836和0.754,模型整体模拟效果良好。基于58 a气象数据的模型模拟表明：灌溉水平、淋洗定额、降水年型对棉花产量和灌溉水生产力的影响显著,灌水频率的影响不显著;在平均土壤含盐量范围为12～18 g/kg的植棉区域,综合考虑产量、灌溉水生产力及实际生产情况,湿润年推荐80%ETc+120 mm的灌溉淋洗总定额,平水年和干旱年推荐100%ETc+120 mm的灌溉淋洗总定额;推荐延长灌水频率至10 d/次以减少灌水次数,节约成本。研究可以为Aquacrop模型在棉田中的应用积累经验,为农业水资源高效利用提供理论指导与技术支撑。