根控肥(CULTAN)对强筋小麦临优145产量及品质的影响

为给根控肥（Controlled uptake long term ammonium nutrition,CULTAN）在强筋小麦高产优质栽培上的应用提供依据,根据CULTAN的原理与关键配方,以临优145为材料采取田间试验方法,研究了根控肥对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响。结果表明,根控肥可显著增加强筋小麦的产量,其中根控肥2（1／3硫铵＋2／3尿素＋DCD添加剂）的产量较传统肥2（硫铵）和不施肥的对照分别增产713和1513kg／hm^3,增幅14．15％和35．71％;成穗数和穗粒数也有所增加。根控肥也可明显改善强筋小麦的营养品质和加工品质,蛋白质含量明显高于对照,达极显著水平;面团的吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间和沉淀值明显提高,尤其是硫铵、尿素和DCD添加剂混合物的根控肥效果最为明显。因此在优质强筋小麦生产中,推广使用根控肥,能迟到强筋小麦产量与品质的协调统一。     

不同施肥方式对河北省小麦产量及肥料贡献率的影响

通过总结2006-2013年河北省测土配方项目田间示范数据,分析了配方施肥（PF）与农户常规施肥（RF）对小麦产量及肥料贡献率的影响,为明确当前生产条件下河北省小麦产区施肥效果及肥料的合理施用提供依据。结果表明：河北省小麦施肥后增产效果显著,其中RF处理增产40.8%,PF处理增产54.8%,并且PF较RF可节肥9.36%、节本8.37%。PF与RF的平均肥料贡献率分别为35.0%和28.9%,平均差值为6.1%,且二者的肥料贡献率均与不施肥处理产量（土壤供肥能力）呈显著线性负相关关系,2条线斜率相近,这说明不同施肥方式肥料贡献率与土壤供肥能力的响应效果相差不大。不施肥处理产量每提高1 000kg/hm ²,PF和RF的肥料贡献率分别降低8.4%和8.2%,PF的肥料贡献率整体较RF高7.2%。在河北省小麦生产中应大力推广配方施肥、平衡施肥,提高肥料贡献率,并且应提高基础地力,以减少对肥料的依赖,实现减肥增效。     

添加无机养分对高温堆肥化的影响

为了探讨堆肥过程中添加无机成分制作有机无机复合肥的可行性,利用有效容积为100 L的堆肥反应器,以鸡粪为主要堆肥原料,研究了添加化肥(尿素、过磷酸钙、硫酸钾)对堆肥过程主要指标的影响。结果表明,添加了无机成分的处理温度升高较快,高温期持续时间长,堆体温度下降较慢,含水量明显高于对照,堆肥结束时的含氮量为17.21 g kg-1,比对照高出1.66 g kg-1;有效磷的含量随时间而增加,由0.48 g kg-1升高到2.19 g kg-1;总的活菌数量与对照相比差异显著。根据有机肥国家标准NY525-2002的规定以及堆肥的各项指标测定结果得出,化学肥料的添加不影响堆肥质量,并且能显著提高堆肥的总养分,但是对堆肥内源微生物活性存在一定影响。     

水稻产量对长期不同施肥和环境的响应

以开始于1982年的不同施肥长期定位试验为平台,选择氮磷钾肥(NPK)、有机肥(牛粪,M)、氮磷钾肥+有机肥(NPKM)、氮磷肥+有机肥(NPM)、氮钾肥+有机肥(NKM)和磷钾肥+有机肥(PKM)共6个处理,采用产量年际变化、变异系数(CV)、产量可持续指数(SYI)、肥料增产贡献率及AMMI模型对影响双季稻稻谷总产量稳定性的施肥处理、环境和二者互作进行综合分析,研究历年稻谷产量(1982—2012年)对长期不同施肥和环境的响应特征。结果表明:NPKM处理稻谷产量最高;在养分投入量相同的情况下,单施有机肥和单施化肥对于早稻产量的影响效果一致,但单施有机肥较单施化肥有利于提高晚稻稻谷产量。不同施肥处理稻谷产量CV随试验时间延长逐渐降低,有机无机配施相比较单施化肥能够减小产量CV,各处理晚稻产量的CV大于早稻,但其SYI值小于早稻。NPKM处理的SYI值最高,为0.51;M和NPK处理的SYI值分别为0.44和0.42。肥料对于产量的贡献率表现为:有机肥化肥氮化肥磷化肥钾。AMMI模型交互效应主成分(IPCA)表明,不同施肥处理在不同试验年份对环境的响应不一样。综合以上分析结果,氮磷钾完全肥基础上配施有机肥(NPKM)是该区域双季稻高产和稳产的最佳施肥措施。     

土壤肥力质量与施氮量对小麦氮肥利用效率的综合定量关系研究

耕地土壤肥力及施氮量对于小麦产量和氮肥利用率均具有重要影响,但它们综合影响的定量关系及相对贡献率并不清楚。在太湖流域常熟市研究区,通过设置不同土壤肥力与施氮量的小麦田间试验,研究施氮量、土壤肥力综合质量指数对小麦产量和氮肥利用率的影响,并利用多元回归方法拟合他们之间的定量关系方程,分析揭示施氮量与土壤肥力综合质量指数对小麦产量和氮肥利用率综合影响的相对贡献率。结果表明,提升施氮量和土壤肥力综合质量指数,有利于增加小麦产量,但不利于小麦氮肥利用率提升;土壤肥力综合质量指数对小麦产量和氮肥利用率的影响大于施氮量,两者对产量和氮肥利用率的相对贡献率比值分别为1.09∶1和1.32∶1。表明通过提升土壤综合肥力、削减氮肥施用量,达到粮食与生态双重安全目标,培育和提升耕地土壤质量显得更为基本和重要。     

The effect of long-term fertilization with organic or inorganic fertilizers on mycorrhiza-mediated phosphorus uptake in subterranean clover

 A pot experiment was conducted with soil from a long-term (74-year) fertilization field experiment to compare the effects of organic and mineral fertilizers on mycorrhiza formation in clover, and mycorrhiza-mediated plant P uptake. Five treatments were selected from the field experiment representing different forms and levels of P. Mycorrhizal effects on plant growth and P uptake were estimated by comparing plants grown in untreated soil containing indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, with plants grown in pasteurized soil. Short-term versus residual effects of fertilizer/manure were also measured by comparing treatments with or without fertilizers added at the start of the pot experiment. Mycorrhiza formation was greatest in soil that had received no P for 74 years, followed by soil having received 30 or 60 Mg ha^–1 farmyard manure (FYM), and soil having received 25 or 44 kg P ha^–1 in NPK fertilizers. Plant growth and P uptake were severely reduced in the absence of AM fungi for all mineral fertilizer treatments. In contrast, plants growing in soil that had received FYM grew equally well or better when non-mycorrhizal. Recent additions of NK fertilizer and FYM had no effect on mycorrhiza formation, while additions of NPK led to reduced colonization. It thus seems that moderate quantities of FYM have less adverse effects on AM than equivalent amounts of nutrients in NPK fertilizers, a phenomenon that is most likely due to a temporal difference in P availability and its gradual release that balance plant demand. Received: 4 November 1999     

砖红壤施用中量、微量元素对甘蔗产量与糖分的效应

在雷州半岛玄武岩发育的种植甘蔗砖红壤上施用Ca、Mg、B、Mo、Fe、Cu、Zn肥料，探究这些中量与微量元素对甘蔗的产量与糖分的效应。结果表明：Ca、Mg、B、Mo肥对甘蔗有显著增产效应，而Fe肥具有显著减产效应。B、Mo、Fe、Cu肥能显著提高甘蔗含糖量，而Mg肥具有降低甘蔗糖分的效应。Ca、B、Mo3种肥料相互配施的增产或增糖效果均不优于单施的效果。从对甘蔗产量和含糖量综合效果看，甘蔗施用B、Mo、Ca肥分别能产生显著经济效益。因此，在玄武岩发育砖红壤上种植甘蔗，建议施用Mo、B、Ca肥。     

Effects of different organic materials and mineral nutrients on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal growth in a Mediterranean saline dryland

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are root symbionts that enhance plant growth and improve soil fertility and soil structure in drylands. Even though AM fungi are obligate biotrophs, organic matter (OM) can stimulate their growth, but the mechanisms behind this are still unknown. Here, we compared the effect of nutrient patches of different OM sources to intrinsic components of OM such as inorganic nutrient supply and an improved soil water-holding capacity (WHC; via application of hydrophilic polymers), on AM fungal growth. Fatty acids extracted from in-growth mesh bags incubated in the field were used as biomarkers for AM fungi and other soil microbes. We found an enhancement of AM fungal growth in certain nutrient patches. Two out of three OM types stimulated AM fungal growth strongly, and also the addition of inorganic nutrients enhanced AM fungi, though to a lesser extent than OM. Enhanced soil WHC, on the other hand, did not influence AM fungal growth. AMF were more strongly enhanced by the mineral nutrients relative to other soil organisms. Intrinsic nutrients might be an important factor for AMF growth stimulation in OM additions, but there was no evidence that nutrients alone can explain this phenomenon.     

育苗基质不同施肥量对茄果类蔬菜幼苗生长的影响

运用正交试验设计 ,在以草炭、蛭石、珍珠岩为原料的育苗基层中 ,加入不同浓度的氮、磷、钾肥料 ,对番茄、茄子和甜椒幼苗生长的影响进行了研究。结果表明 ,不同肥料品种与施肥量对茄果类蔬菜幼苗生长的影响具有显著差异 ,特别是增施磷肥可使幼苗株高和干物重增加 ,其相关性达到显著或极显著水平 ,是培育优质壮苗的重要营养元素 ;同时 ,要注意氮、磷、钾肥料配合使用 ,以提高壮苗水平。供试育苗基质的最佳N、P2 O5、K2 O施肥量分别为 :番茄 0 .2kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,茄子 0 .8kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .2kg/m3,甜椒 0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3、0 .4kg/m3。     

安徽省作物养分供需分析及化肥减施潜力研究

有机-无机相结合的农田养分管理模式是现阶段中国发展绿色农业的必由之路,因而开展有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的比较研究对促进养分资源的合理分配和施用具有重要的参考价值。本文采用文献调查和统计分析的方法,评估了安徽省16市2010—2016年主要有机肥(包括秸秆、粪便、绿肥和饼肥)的养分资源,明晰了安徽省农业生产中有机、无机养分投入现状,并根据农业种植结构开展了有机、无机养分和作物养分需求的差异和关系研究,最后探索了安徽省的化肥减施潜力。结果表明:安徽省2010—2016年平均有机肥养分资源为287.70万t,N、P_2O_5和K_2O分别为104.49万t、39.60万t和143.61万t,可基本满足作物的养分需求;但有机肥的当季利用率低,N、P_2O_5和K_2O的当季利用率分别为21.44%、19.91%和52.61%,有机肥N、P_2O_5和K_2O实际还田量仅占作物养分需求的20.74%、25.38%和63.61%,占农田养分总投入的比重分别为11.87%、10.27%和51.35%。全省N、P_2O_5、K_2O养分实际投入量(包括有机肥和化肥)是作物养分需求的1.75倍、2.47倍和1.24倍,有7个市的N和13个市的P_2O_5养分施用量超过作物需求的2倍,存在较高的环境污染风险。通过控制农业总养分输入,安徽省的化肥减施潜力为35.12%,N、P_2O和K_2O的减施潜力分别为21.28%、23.97%和78.61%。提高有机肥的当季利用率和发展冬季绿肥资源可进一步促进化肥减施。本研究可为安徽省化肥零增长和农牧业的绿色可持续发展提供数据参考。