Post-harvest Evaluation of Nitrogen Sufficiency for Small-grain Cereals by Measuring Grain Protein Concentration

Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is an important and expensive input in small-grain cereal production, and growers therefore should aim to optimize its use. Possibilities for using grain protein concentration for post-harvesr evaluation of N sufficiency were determined in this study. Field experiments including spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.), spong barley ( Hordeum vulgare L) and spring oats ( Avena sativa L.), and various rates of N fertilizer application were conducted in southern and western-Finland over 2 years. Grain yield and grain protein were positively correlated and firred quadratic regression models. Both critical and optimum levels for grain protein concentration were determined by Cate-Nelson analysis Critical values were 12.2 for wheat, 10.2 for barley and 10.9 for oats, and corresponding optimum values were 13.3, 11.1 and 12.7, respectively. The accuracy of the method was tested using results from on-farm spring wheat trials. The results indicated that N fertilizer uptake and grain yield were best in held where gram protein concentration exceeded the critical values but not the optimum. Growers should use more intensive N fertilization management if grain protein concentration does not exceed critical values. Grain protein concentrations above optimum values indicate over-fertilization for maximum grain yield. Analysing previous research data to identify the "critical level" of grain protein concentration is not difficult, and will provide powers, extension personnel, and fertilizer dealers with a cost effective means of evaluating the efficiency of N use by the crop and for developing N fertilization recommendations.     

Determination of environment-specific dose–response relationships for clodinafop-propargyl on Avena spp.

A range of plant and environmental variables is known to influence the efficacy of herbicides. This paper explores whether environmental factors influencing efficacy of a herbicide can be quantified by analysing a set of industry data involving 59 experiments conducted throughout Australia in the years 1986–1995 for clodinafop-propargyl on Avena spp. A spline method was used to analyse the combined data set of observed and interpolated covariates. In addition to dose, it was found that efficacy was significantly influenced by maximum temperature on the day of application, spray water volume, the interaction of maximum temperature and spray volume, the sum of minimum temperatures experienced in the 7 days prior to application, and the soil moisture deficit estimated for day 10 prior to application. The findings are discussed in relation to testing of new products for providing commercial factor-adjustment information as an additional, marketable outcome of existing product testing procedures. Advantages of the spline model over the commonly used log–logistic model for evaluating dose–response and factor-adjustment relationships are presented.     

燕麦(Avena spp.)叶面积测定方法的初步研究

本文通过对两个燕麦品种叶面积的初步研究,求得了可以在燕麦叶面积测定中推荐应用的叶面积校正值K=0.73,并对K 值在应用中的可靠性进行了分析。     

不同降水年型下饲用燕麦产量对降水变化的响应研究

[目的] 探究不同年型下饲用燕麦产量对各生育期降水变化的响应,为饲用燕麦抗旱与高效生产提供参考。[方法] 利用作物生长机理模型APSIM（agricultural production systems simulator）,以山西省朔州市右玉县1980—2009年的历史气候气象数据作为原始情景,将饲用燕麦生育期划分为4个阶段[阶段1（播种—拔节）、阶段2（拔节—抽穗）、阶段3（抽穗—灌浆）、阶段4（灌浆—收获）],并提取典型气候条件（干旱、平水、丰水）建立12个新的气候情景并进行模拟,分析饲用燕麦产量受降水变化的影响。[结果] 在干旱情景（DS）中,产量与水分利用效率（water use efficiency,WUE）较原始情景分别下降了38.0%~60.9%与31.8%~16.9%（P<0.01）,其中,抽穗—灌浆期采用历史数据时,指标的下降幅度最小。对于平水情景（NS）来说,产量相对原始情景的变化为-3.4%~20.0%,WUE为0~10.0%,拔节—抽穗期及灌浆—收获期采用历史数据时指标的变化显著（P<0.05）。丰水情景（WS）中,饲用燕麦产量与WUE相对原始情景均显著提升（P<0.01）,幅度分别达到33.3%~60.5%与6.8%~14.8%,且播种—拔节期的降水变化对指标有相对明显的影响（R²=0.377 7,P<0.01）。[结论] 饲用燕麦产草量和水分利用效率WUE在干旱、平水、丰水年型中都对灌浆—收获期的降水变化没有明显的敏感性;在干旱和平水年型下,饲草产量对抽穗—灌浆期的干旱更为敏感,WUE则对拔节—抽穗期及抽穗—灌浆期的干旱更为敏感;在丰水年型下,燕麦饲草产量对干旱最敏感的时期是播种—拔节期。有限的灌溉条件下,可将灌溉集中于WUE对降水变化最为敏感的阶段3（抽穗—灌浆）。     

Variation in relation to geographical distribution of wild oats-seed traits

Summary A sample of 457 wild oats (Avena sterilis L.) from the world collection maintained at the Germplasm Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA, was studied for variation of six seed characters via means, ranges, variances, and frequencies from various geographical areas. It was concuded that region-specific adaptations are responsible for occurrence of certain trait(s) in specific geographical regions; e.g., Libyan and Iraqi collections had high protein percentage, Israeli strains had high oil percentage, and the Middle East and Central Asian lines had a high number of spikelets per panicle. The main conclusion of interest here is that, within the same species, estimates of the amount of variation may vary widely, depending upon the area sampled, geographical scale of sampling, etc., presumably due to the complex interrelationship between genetic and ecological factors.Journal Paper No. J-12670 of the Iowa Agric. and Home Econ. Exp. Stn., Amers, Iowa, Project 2447.     

捆裹青贮燕麦草饲喂幼年羊的增重效果

捆裹青贮燕麦草饲喂幼年藏系羊 ,2次 /d ,平均采食 1 2 83kg/d·只 ,经 45d饲养试验 ,平均增重 2 48kg ,与饲喂燕麦干草的对照组相比 ,饲草转化率提高 8 2 0 %。     

燕麦β 葡聚糖研究进展

近些年国内外研究表明,燕麦Avena sativa具有重要的营养保健作用,经常食用可有效降低血清胆固醇、甘油三酯和血清低密度脂蛋白胆固醇水平,而其保健功能主要归功于燕麦籽粒中的可溶性膳食纤维--β 葡聚糖。因此积极开展对燕麦β 葡聚糖的开发利用研究,有着重大的科研及应用价值。在大量查阅国内外文献资料和研究成果的基础上,对燕麦β 葡聚糖的分子结构、特性、生理功能、分析方法、影响因素等进行了分析探讨,并展望燕麦β 葡聚糖今后的发展前景。     

Influence of liquid manure application method on weed control in spring cereals

Summary Injection of liquid manure (slurry) into the soil is an alternative to the traditional surface application. By the injection method, it is possible to place nutrients closer to the crop sown, thus offering the crop a competitive advantage over weeds. This study compares the response in crop yield, weed density and weed biomass to injection vs. surface application of liquid manure through three growing seasons in barley and oats. The manure applications were combined with treatments of weed harrowing or herbicide spraying or no treatment at all. The levels of weed control and crop yield obtained by harrowing and herbicides were larger when slurry was injected compared with surface application. Without any weed control treatments, the injection method decreased the final weed biomass in barley. The influence of nutrient injection on yield and weed control seemed to be modulated by the time of emergence and the early growth rate of the crop relative to weeds. Thus, because of its early root growth and development, barley responded more quickly to the injection treatment than oats. Consequently, barley became a more competitive crop.     

基于SD-GGE双标图进行饲草燕麦品种归类和区域划分

为明确饲草燕麦品种在不同区域的丰产性及适应性,2017-2019年进行全国饲草燕麦鉴定试验,包括国内外饲草品种20个,分布在全国22个燕麦主产区的试点,采用标准差校正的(standard deviation of means,SD)GGE双标图(SD-GGE)分析.结果 显示:参试品种可分为4类,分别为籽粒高产、饲草高...     

施氮量对裸燕麦源库生理特性和茎鞘NSC积累与转运的影响

为探究施氮量对燕麦源库生理特性和茎鞘间非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累和转运的影响， 2021年和2022年选取穗粒数差异大的两个裸燕麦品种坝莜1号（穗粒数多）和定莜8号（穗粒数少）为试验材料，设置0、100和200 kg·hm^-2 3个施氮水平，测定和分析了不同氮素供应条件下燕麦叶片光合指标、粒叶比、茎鞘NSC积累量(TMNSC)、NSC表观转运量(ATMNSC)及其对籽粒产量表观贡献率 (ACNSC)的差异。结果表明，施氮对2个燕麦品种的籽粒产量具有增加效应，其中在施氮100 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。在100 kg·hm^-2施氮处理下，坝莜1号的旗叶面积、SPAD值、P_n和籽粒产量两年平均值较不施氮处理分别提高57.57%、80.70%、101.68%和40.15%，定莜8号分别提高43.70%、44.33%、69.49%和37.36%；坝莜1号的ATMNSC、ACNSC和粒叶比两年平均值较不施氮处理分别增加767.25 g、1.96倍和54.55%，定莜8号分别增加859.52 g、8.26倍和43.25%。综合以上结果，增施氮肥对两品种均有显著正向影响，坝莜1号表现出更优的源、库活性，从而获得更高的穗粒数，达到增产目的；定莜8号则表现出更优的源-库关系，增大库器官对源物质的“拉力”，促进NSC由茎鞘向籽粒的转运，弥补生育前期光合能力较弱导致的同化物质生产的不足，从而促进源库协调，提高籽粒产量。