Effects of temperature on reproductive capacity and longevity of Trissolcus simoni, an egg parasitoid of Eurygaster integriceps

In order to understand the effects of temperature on Trissolcus simoni, some parameters of the life tables of adult parasitoids were investigated under laboratory conditions. The following parameters were measured (the values in parentheses were obtained at 20, 26, and 32 °C temperatures, respectively): net reproductive rate (R_o=37.785, 40.301, and 58.299), intrinsic rate of population increase (r_m=0.111, 0.221, and 0.325), generation time (T=32.77, 16.60, and 12.49 days), doubling time (DT=6.245, 3.136, and 2.133), and finite rate of increase (=1.117, 1.247, and 1.385). Fecundity increased with increasing temperature. The values for total number of eggs deposited per female were 50.1, 64.1, and 68.1, and average female longevity was 24.2, 13.8, and 11.1 days at 20, 26, and 32°C, respectively. Temperature had a significant effect on longevity and oviposition and post-oviposition periods. The results of the study are discussed and compared with life-table parameters of other scelionids.     

Carbaryl induced alterations in the reproduction and metabolism of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata

When the freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata was exposed to sub-lethal doses (2.0, 5.0, and 8.0 mg/L) of carbaryl, fecundity was significantly reduced and even stopped at higher sub-lethal doses and altered metabolic activity in the body tissue of the snail was observed. The change from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism results in lesser energy production in the body tissues of the snails, causing paralysis and finally death. This reduced fecundity and altered metabolism suggests that it would be better to avoid the use of carbaryl pesticides in the water bodies or fields adjoining the water bodies particularly in the rainy season.     

寄主对节瓜蓟马繁殖力的影响

本文研究了不同节品种及“红茄”对节瓜蓟马繁殖力的影响。结果表明，节瓜成虫平均产卵量以“七星仔”为最大，其值为５４．９％粒／雌，显著大“红心‘，”黑毛“，”杂优“及”红茄“。而品种”红心“、“黑毛”及“杂优”间及其与“红茄”间的平均产卵旺没有显著差异。     

母蓝狐的配种次数与繁殖力的关系

本文用统计学的方法,将４６１只受配母蓝狐按其受配１,２,３,４次４个组别,进行了比较分析,结果表明,配种次数对母蓝狐的繁殖力有一定的影响,受配２或３次的母狐繁殖力高于受配１和４次的母狐,其中以受配２次的母狐繁殖力最高。     

不同来源黄鳝(Monopterus albus)繁殖力的比较分析

比较不同来源黄鳝(Monopterus albus)的个体繁殖力,研究了其个体繁殖力分布特征、变化规律及与生物学指标的关系.以怀卵量作为绝对繁殖力的表征参数,对雌性黄鳝进行解剖测定.结果显示,野生黄鳝绝对繁殖力(F)为181-729粒,人工培养黄鳝F值为165-589粒,人工繁育黄鳝F值为135-352粒;野生黄鳝基于体重的相对繁殖力(FW)为5.4-11.8粒/g,人工培养黄鳝FW为3.5-9.3粒/g,人工繁育黄鳝FW为4.96-8.55粒/g;野生黄鳝基于体长的相对繁殖力(FL)为5.8-17.2粒/mm,人工培养黄鳝FL为4.85-15.00粒/mm,人工繁育黄鳝FL为4.35-9.03粒/mm,不同来源黄鳝在F、FL、FW上均有极显著差异(P＜0.01).来源和体色均不同的黄鳝其F和FL均具有极显著差异,而FW差异不显著;所有黄鳝的F和野生黄鳝的FL与体长、体重生物学指标密切相关,其余F、FL和FW与各生物学指标均相关性较小.研究表明,野生黄鳝的F、FL和FW均高于人工培养和人工繁育的黄鳝,怀卵量优势明显.     

长江干流长鳍吻鮈(Rhinogobio ventralis)繁殖生物学

2012年3月-2014年12月对长江上游宜宾江段采集的521尾野生长鳍吻(鱼句)进行了繁殖生物学研究.结果显示,长鳍吻(鱼句)种群雌雄比为1.41∶1,繁殖期为3-5月,盛期为4月上旬至5月上旬.繁殖季节可通过吻端细小“珠星”鉴别雌雄,雄鱼最小性成熟年龄为2+龄,最小成熟体长为173 mm,体重为90.4 g,成熟系数为0.36％;雌鱼最小性成熟年龄为3+龄,最小成熟体长为185 mm,体重为119.6 g,成熟系数为11.30％.繁殖群体中,雌性优势龄组为3+龄,雄性优势龄组为2+龄和3+龄.统计结果显示,长鳍吻(鱼句)绝对繁殖力(F)为16399-39835(26816±7875)粒/尾,体重相对繁殖力(FW)为162-234(189±23)粒/g,体长相对繁殖力(FL)为877-1659(1231±246)粒/cm.通过对性腺成熟系数、卵径分布频率以及性腺组织切片结果的综合分析认为,长鳍吻(鱼句)属于完全同步产卵类型.     

Patterns of oocyte development in natural habitat and captive <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salminus hilarii</Emphasis> Valenciennes, 1850 (Teleostei: Characidae)

Fecundity and oocyte development in Salminus hilarii female brood stock were analyzed with the aim of investigating the impact of migration impediment on oogenesis. Histological analyses of the ovaries were performed in adult females caught in two different environments—the Tietê River (natural) and captivity—and the gonadossomatic index, oocyte diameter and fecundity determined. Five germ cell development stages (oogonium, perinucleolar, cortical alveoli, vitellogenic, ripe) and two other structures (postovulatory follicles and atretic oocytes) were observed in females caught in the river. Captive animals lacked the ripe oocytes and postovulatory follicles and had a relatively higher number of atretic oocytes. Females in captivity are known to produce larger oocytes, and they release fewer eggs in each spawn (absolute fecundity) when compared with animals that are able to migrate. Our results suggest that the Tietê River is undergoing alterations which are being reflected in the reproductive performance of S. hilarii, mainly due to the presence of atretic oocytes in females caught in the river. The lack of postovulatory follicles and ripe oocytes in captive animals reveals that migratory impediment negatively impacts final oocyte maturation. However, the stage of maturation reached is adequate for ovulation induction with hormone manipulation.     

4种植物源杀虫剂对葡萄蓟马的致毒作用

为探讨植物源杀虫剂对烟蓟马的毒力、生长发育和繁殖的影响,采用浸叶法测定4种植物源杀虫剂对烟蓟马2龄若虫和成虫的毒力,分析亚致死浓度对2龄若虫生长发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明：印楝素和苦参碱对2龄若虫的毒力相对较高,LC₅₀分别为6.983 mg/L和9.571 mg/L。印楝素、苦参碱和鱼藤酮的亚致死浓度LC₄₀对2龄若虫期和蛹期有显著延长作用,对化蛹率、羽化率、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率有明显地抑制作用。印楝素LC₄₀对化蛹率、羽化率、单雌产卵量和卵孵化率的抑制作用最强,抑制率分别为23.64%、17.60%、18.37%和12.54%。说明印楝素和苦参碱对烟蓟马的致毒作用较好,低龄若虫（2龄期前）是防治的最佳时期,除发挥2种药剂的毒力外,还可通过亚致死浓度对存活若虫的生长发育和繁殖形成抑制作用。     

Reproductive biology of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) along the East Coast of the United States

The reproductive biology of bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix) along the U.S. East Coast is examined from a collection 1437 females sampled from nearshore to the continental slope and from Florida to New York over a period of 3 years (2001–2003). In most years concurrent sampling along the coast was conducted over spring and summer months to resolve the initiation of spawning. We examined the spawning location, pattern and timing, and calculated the fecundity of fish from 600 to 840 mm in length. Based on macro- and microscopic analysis of female gonads, bluefish are multiple spawners with indeterminate fecundity. The presence of all stages of development in fully mature ovaries further indicates that bluefish have asynchronous oocyte development. Mean age at first maturity for female bluefish was 1.90 years and 480 mm total length. Mean batch fecundity was 402,247 eggs and ranged from 114,513 to 920,746 eggs, depending on age and weight. Direct observation of gonads showed imminent spawning in Florida and North Carolina during March to April, and from April to August from Virginia to New York. Given the progression of oocyte development over the range of space and time we sampled, we suggest that bluefish exhibit continuous spawning during their migration from the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) to Middle Atlantic Bight (MAB).     

Fecundity and growth-dependent mortality of Pacific anchovy (Engraulis japonicus) in Korean coastal waters

We propose a method of estimating natural mortality of marine pelagic fishes, especially for early-life stages, based on their fecundity. To estimate size-dependent fecundity, growth and mortality of Pacific anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), the most abundant fish species in coastal waters off the Korean peninsula, we undertook a synthesis of results from past studies and data. Assuming that the growth coefficient K varies with water temperature, we derived a modified von Bertalanffy growth equation covering all life stages based on otolith analysis of anchovies collected from southwestern coastal area of Korea in 1996. By revisting a past study on spawning and egg production of anchovies in the southern Korean coastal waters, we calculated a monthly-averaged fraction of mature females spawning per day to estimate that an average female anchovy spawns 36 times per year, and that the mean number of eggs produced by an average female is ca. 160 × 10³ yr⁻¹. Accepting the ‘bigger-is-better’ hypothesis, we derived a theoretical mortality curve that assumes instantaneous natural mortality as an inverse function of anchovy body length. Assuming equilibrium status of stock, estimated annual instantaneous mortality of anchovy between egg to age-1 stage was 11.3 yr⁻¹ and estimated size-specific mortality was 1.24 d⁻¹ mm in fork length. The derived theoretical mortality curve fit well the stage-specific mortalities, which were estimated independently based on ichthyoplankton surveys and anchovy samples collected by commercial nets, but underestimated the egg mortality (0.89 d⁻¹ vs. 0.83 d⁻¹).