烟蚜茧蜂生物学研究Ⅳ．──繁殖力、内禀增长力、功能反应及对桃蚜的抑制作用

在恒定的实验室条件下测定了寄生于桃蚜２～３龄若虫的烟蚜茧蜂的繁殖力和寿命。在２２℃下在寄主密度分别为５，１０，２５，１００或２００头／ｄ蚜虫时，寄生蜂平均寿命为３．６～６．８ｄ。试验证明雌蜂产卵量及寄生蚜虫数量为随寄主密度的增加而呈负加速上升，但当密度高于５０头／ｄ蚜虫时，两者均不再明显上升。分析证明烟蚜茧峰的内禀增长力随寄主密度增加而增加，在密度为２００头／ｄ蚜虫时达到最大值，为０．３６４１。当供蚜密度从５增加到２００时烟蚜茧蜂的净生殖力增加了１８倍，但平均世代长度则不受影响。烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜的功能反应属于ＨｏｌｌｉｎｇⅡ型反应，经计算其ａ＝６．０３４１，Ｔｈ＝０．０１４。此外，还在７个不同起始密度下测定了烟蚜茧蜂对桃蚜种群的抑制作用。     

二点委夜蛾的交配行为与产卵量

为了对二点委夜蛾性信息素田间应用的可能性提供理论依据,在温度（26±1）℃、相对湿度50%±10%、光周期14 h∶10 h（L∶D）条件下对二点委夜蛾的交配行为和能力进行了研究,并对性信息素应用以及二点委夜蛾暴发为害性及其成虫防控技术进行了综合分析。结果表明：成虫一般在羽化后1 d进行交配和产卵。雄蛾和雌蛾均可以多次交配,交配能力和产卵量均受性比影响。雌蛾交配能力与产卵量呈显著正相关,雌雄比为1∶5时单雌平均产卵量为501头;雄蛾交配能力则与雌蛾产卵量呈显著负相关,雌雄比为5∶1时单雌平均产卵量降低为227头。应用性诱剂诱杀二点委夜蛾雄蛾可以降低雌蛾的产卵量,但由于雌蛾产卵量大,因此仍需结合其他措施同时降低雌雄蛾数量才能达到更好的防治效果。     

温度及烟草CMV病株对烟蚜生长发育的影响

研究了19℃、22℃、25℃、28℃和31℃恒温条件下,CMV烟草病株和健康烟草与烟蚜Myzuspersicae(Sulzer)生长发育和繁殖的关系。研究表明,随着温度的升高,在健康烟株(对照)和病株(处理)叶碟饲养条件下,烟蚜的成虫寿命和世代历期都显著缩短,繁殖力减弱。19℃时烟蚜的成虫寿命和世代历期最长,31℃时烟蚜最短。CMV烟草病株对烟蚜存活率和繁殖力有显著影响,与对照相比,烟草病株造成烟蚜成活率降低。烟蚜取食CMV烟草病株时,19℃烟蚜的繁殖力最强为36.9头,31℃最弱为2.17头。净增殖率R0在22℃时最大,在31℃时最小。周限增长率λ和内禀增长率rm在28℃和31℃时最大,在22℃时最小。世代平均周期T和种群加倍时间t在22℃时最大,在31℃时最小。研究结果说明,烟蚜的生长发育和繁殖与温度和感染CMV的烟草有关。     

滩羊多羔性能的RAPD标记研究

用RAPD技术和混合分离分析 (BSA)方法对双羔家系的 2 6只滩羊和对照系的 2 5只单羔滩羊进行了RAPD检测。发现 :OPB1 7-530、OPB1 9-92 6和OPB2 0 -1 4 2 6三条DNA片段仅出现在多羔家系的母本及多羔母本与单羔父本杂交产生的部分后代中 ,而在对单羔羊的逐个检测中未出现这三条片段。据此可以推断三个DNA分子标记与多羔性能主基因可能相关。作者系统优化组合出了能使滩羊基因组DNA稳定扩增的RAPD体系     

图们江陆封型马苏大麻哈鱼的个体繁殖力

为研究马苏大麻哈鱼(Oncorhynchus masou)资源保护策略和人工繁殖技术,对人工养殖的图们江陆封型马苏大麻哈鱼繁殖力进行了研究。选取122尾不同养殖区域卵巢发育Ⅳ-Ⅴ期的马苏大麻哈鱼样本(其中延吉42尾、山东35尾、北京45尾)进行统计分析。试验马苏大麻哈鱼体重209~845 g,平均为(512±206)g;体长17.0~39.5 cm,平均为(26.81±6.53)cm。结果表明,大麻哈鱼的绝对繁殖力410~3 075粒,平均为(1 485±797)粒;体重相对繁殖力1.93~3.64粒/g,平均为(2.72±0.47)粒/g;体长相对繁殖力23.60~77.85粒/cm,平均为(51.35±17.60)粒/cm;Ⅴ期卵巢性腺指数14.85%~27.93%,平均为(20.97±3.57)%;繁殖力随着体重、体长、性腺指数增加而提高(P0.01)。通过人工驯养和移植培育,改变了马苏大麻哈鱼在自然环境下雌鱼卵巢发育不成熟的现象,而且繁殖力明显提高。移植到北京和山东后,其繁殖力极显著高于原产地(P0.01)。国产陆封型马苏大麻哈鱼具有规模化人工繁育的优势,能够为野生种群资源增殖提供苗种补充。     

诱导木数量及空间大小对花绒寄甲产卵的影响

为了确定诱导木数量及空间大小对花绒寄甲成虫产卵的影响,利用不同大小的塑料盒饲养花绒寄甲（Dastarcus helophoroide）成虫并放入不同数量的诱导木段诱导其产卵.结果表明,4组不同处理对成虫平均产卵量的影响不显著(p＞0.05),但处理3（大养虫盒3块诱导木段）与其余3组试验相比在产卵量方面能诱发成虫保持持...     

鱼类人工雌核发育的研究进展

简述了鱼类人工雌核发育的原理、方法,阐述了目前鱼类人工雌核发育存在的主要问题以及在应用方面的进展。     

Changes in the survival rate and fecundity of the rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), at different magnesium concentrations in hydroponic culture

The rice leaffolder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is a leaf-feeding pest and the physical and chemical nature of the rice leaf affects its feeding, survival and fecundity. We examined changes in the survival rates of larvae and pupae, pupal weight and the number of eggs laid by adult females developed from a resistant variety (Huaidao 9) and a susceptible variety (Yangjing 9538) in hydroponic solutions containing different concentrations of magnesium (Mg). The concentration of Mg in the hydroponic solution significantly affected the survival rates of the larvae and pupae, the pupal weights and the numbers of eggs laid. Larval survival rates on the resistant variety were significantly higher for fourth instars exposed to 60 and 80 ppm Mg and pupae exposed to 20, 40, 60 and 80 ppm Mg than those for the control treatment (without Mg). For the susceptible variety, survival rates of first, second and third instars were significantly higher at high concentrations of Mg than those under control conditions. In addition, the number of eggs laid by adult females increased with increasing Mg concentrations, though there was a slight decrease at 80 ppm compared to 60 ppm. These results indicate that Mg is beneficial to the development, survival and fecundity of C. medinalis. They further suggest that high levels of nitrogen fertilizer in rice fields favour outbreaks of this pest because application of nitrogen elevates the chlorophyll content and Mg levels in the rice leaf.     

BMP15基因作为影响蒙古羊双羔性状候选基因的研究

选择影响Invedal和Hanna绵羊多胎性状的BMP15基因作为多胎候选基因,旨在探索该候选基因与蒙古羊双羔群体繁殖性状之间的关系,为开展蒙古羊高繁殖力的遗传学基础研究提供科学依据。本试验以蒙古羊单羔群体(18只)、多胎类型小尾寒羊(30只)为对照组对蒙古羊双羔群体(50只)进行了BMP15基因的遗传多态性分析,采用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性PCR-RFLP(Restriction Fragment Polymor-phisms,RFLPs)分子标记技术对BMP15的FecXI位点突变进行多态性分析;采用单核苷酸多态性标记PCR-SSCP技术对BMP15的B1位点进行多态性分析,结果表明:蒙古羊双羔群体、蒙古羊单羔群体以及多胎类型小尾寒羊群体中均不存在该位点的突变。即BMP15的FecXI位点不是影响蒙古羊和小尾寒羊多胎性状的主效基因;在三种群体中存在相应的B1突变28~30 bp(CTT缺失),并发现了3种基因型,蒙古羊双羔群体3种基因型频率分别是0.020(++),0.940(B+),0.040(BB);蒙古羊单羔群体只检测到了两种基因型,基因型频率分别是0.722(++),0.278(BB);小尾寒羊群体中3种基因型频率分别是0.300(++),0.667(B+),0.033(BB)。B+基因型蒙古羊平均产羔数比++基因型多0.83只,差异极显著(P0.01),推断BMP15的B1突变有可能是控制蒙古羊多胎性能的主效基因;小尾寒羊群体中3种基因型母羊平均产羔数差异不显著(P0.05)。经χ2适合性检验表明,蒙古羊双羔群体该位点显著偏离Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P0.01);蒙古羊单羔群体及小尾寒羊该位点处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡(P0.05)。     

Effects of Artemisia annua L. (Asteracea) on nutritional physiology and enzyme activities of elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola Mull. (Coleoptera: Chrysomellidae)

Methanolic extract of Artemisia annua L., a weed collected around paddy fields in north of Iran, was investigated for its toxic effects on: feeding, growth, fecundity, fertility including the biochemical characteristics of elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola Mull. The toxicity tests indicate that insecticidal effect was 2.4-fold higher in 3rd instar larvae than in adults. The LC₅₀ was 48% and 43.77% of a methanolic leaf extract at 24 and 48 h, respectively. The feeding deterrence was highest at 10% concentration and lowest at 0.625% for 3rd instar larvae and adults during the first 24 h and decreased thereafter. Larval duration significantly increased at higher concentrations. Larval treatment with 10% methanolic extract resulted in deformed adults (adultoids) with drastic changes in gross morphology of female reproductive system. Food digestion and assimilation significantly decreased in adults. Larval duration and adult fecundity and fertility were also significantly reduced. Twenty-four hours after treating 3rd instar larva with the extract the levels of glucose, protein, urea, uric acid, α-amylase, alkaline phosphatase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase significantly changed. However, at 48 h the extract lost its potency. The extract did not effect the level of cholesterol in treated larva. These results indicate that Artemisia annua L. extract contains inhibitors of key metabolic pathways that may be useful in future control of the elm leaf beetle.