不同形态氮素比例对不同小白菜品种生物量和硝酸盐含量的影响

利用NO-3 N∶NH 4 N为 10 0∶0、5 0∶5 0和 0∶10 0三个硝铵配比的营养液对 12个不结球小白菜品种进行水培试验。结果表明 :不同的硝铵配比对不同品种小白菜的生物量、叶绿素SPAD值、硝酸盐积累量等有着显著的影响 ,同一氮源培养下不同的小白菜品种间也表现出显著的差异 ;12个小白菜品种叶绿素SPAD值随营养液中的NH 4 N比例的增加而升高 ,两者间存在着显著的正相关 ;单株生物量除亮白叶 1号和五月慢在全硝培养中生物量较其他两种配比大外 ,其他 10个品种均在 5 0∶5 0硝铵营养液中表现最好 ;供试的 12个小白菜品种中有 9个品种的硝酸盐积累量随着NH 4 N比例的增加而下降 ,表明适当地配施铵态氮较纯硝营养液能获得更好的产量、更高的叶绿素SPAD值和较低的硝酸盐积累量。     

不同液土比和温度条件下塿土铵离子吸附

Effects of NH₄⁺ concentration, solution/soil ratio and temperature on NH₄⁺ adsorption were studied in a Eum-Orthic Anthrosol. The slopes of the soil NH₄⁺ adsorption isotherms and the fitted n, the coefficient for the adsorption intensity, and k, the coefficient related to adsorption capacity, of the Freundlich equation increased with increasing solution/soil ratio (SSR) and with decreasing temperature (T). For the range of experimental conditions, the value of ∂q/∂c, the rate of change of the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase (q) with respect to the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ in soil solution (c), was 0.840, indicating that q increased with increasing c. From 2 to 45 ℃, ∂q/∂SSR, the rate of change of q with respect to SSR, decreased from 2.598 to 1.996, showing that q increased with increasing SSR, while its increasing rate decreased with temperature. From SSR 1:1 to 20:1, ∂q/∂T, the rate of change of q with respect to T, decreased from -0.095 to -0.361, indicating that q decreased with increasing temperature, and at the same time the negative effect of temperature became larger as SSR increased. Thus under the experimental conditions the order of importance in determining the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed in the soil solid phase was ∂q/∂SSR > ∂q/∂c > |∂q/∂T|, indicating that the greatest effect on the amount of NH₄⁺ adsorbed was with the solution/soil ratio; the equilibrium concentration of NH₄⁺ had a lesser effect; and temperature had the least effect.     

苏云金芽孢杆菌抗癌的研究进展

最近研究发现某些非杀虫的苏云金芽孢杆菌（Bacillus thuringiensis,Bt)株系的伴孢蛋白对体外培养的人癌细胞（MOLT－4，HeLa)具有毒杀能力。这类蛋白不属于已知的任何一种Cry/Cyt蛋白，其抗癌活性需经蛋白酶水解活化，所导致的细胞病变有明显的核凝聚和细胞肿胀过程。这个发现可能导致Bt在医疗上的新应用。文章综述了国外一些研究的新进展以期对国内的Bt研究提供新的思路。     

Microbial use of organic amendments in saline soils monitored by changes in the C/C ratio

An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate whether salinity at high pH has negative effects on microbial substrate use, i.e. the mineralization of the amendment to CO₂ and inorganic N and the incorporation of amendment C into microbial biomass C. In order to exploit natural differences in the ¹³C/¹²C ratio, substrate from two C₄ plants, i.e. highly decomposed and N-rich sugarcane filter cake and less decomposed N-poor maize leaf straw, were added to two alkaline Pakistani soils differing in salinity, which had previously been cultivated with C₃ plants. In soil 1, the additional CO₂ evolution was equivalent to 65% of the added amount in the maize straw treatment and to 35% in the filter cake treatment. In the more saline soil 2, the respective figures were 56% and 32%. The maize straw amendment led to an identical immobilization of approximately 48 μg N g⁻¹ soil over the 56-day incubation in both soils compared with the control soils. In the filter cake treatment, the amount of inorganic N immobilized was 8.5 μg N g⁻¹ higher in soil 1 than in soil 2 compared with the control soils. In the control treatment, the content of microbial biomass C₃-C in soil 1 was twice that in soil 2 throughout the incubation. This fraction declined by about 30% during the incubation in both soils. The two amendments replaced initially similar absolute amounts of the autochthonous microbial biomass C, i.e. 50% of the original microbial biomass C in soil 1 and almost 90% in soil 2. The highest contents of microbial biomass C₄-C were equivalent to 7% (filter cake) and 11% (maize straw) of the added C. In soil 2, the corresponding values were 14% lower. Increasing salinity had no direct negative effects on microbial substrate use in the present two soils. Consequently, the differences in soil microbial biomass contents are most likely caused indirectly by salinity-induced reduction in plant growth rather than directly by negative effects of salinity on soil microorganisms.     

脲酶/硝化抑制剂对土壤脲酶活性、有效态氮及春小麦产量的影响

通过田间随机区组试验,就缓释尿素对土壤脲酶活性,土壤有效态氮及小麦产量的影响进行了研究。本试验设置4个处理,1)普通尿素(U);2)U+脲酶抑制剂LNS(SRU1);3)SRU1+硝化抑制剂双氰胺(DCD)(SRU2);4)SRU1+硝化抑制剂3,5-二甲基吡唑(DMP)(SRU3)。结果表明,在整个春小麦(TriticumaestivumL.)生育期内,SRU1、SRU2和SRU3处理的土壤脲酶活性低于U处理,且SRU2、SRU3处理的土壤NH4+-N含量在较长时间内维持在较高水平;小麦成熟期,SRU1、SUR2和SRU3处理土壤有效态N含量显著高于U处理(p<0.05);SRU1、SRU2、SRU3处理小麦的生物学性状和产量略高于U处理,但是处理间没有显著差异。     

水稻土CH4产生潜力及其影响因素

培养试验所用15种水稻土样品采自全国各主要稻米产区。15种水稻土产CH4潜力差异很大,厌氧培养CH4产生率显著大于好氧培养,整个培养期(132d)总CH4产生量的变化范围为1.18～1180μgg-1(厌氧培养)和0.41～136μgg-1(好氧培养)。土壤CH4产生量受与土壤有机质含量有关的有机碳和全氮含量的显著影响,而与活性铁锰含量、颗粒组成、阳离子交换量、土壤pH等其他土壤理化性质之间无显著相关性,表明土壤有机质含量是影响CH4产生的最重要土壤性质。与类似试验的结果比较说明,土壤有机质含量对CH4产生量的影响程度可能与土样代表的空间尺度有关。     

ALA提高丙酯草醚胁迫下油菜幼苗耐性研究

对油菜幼苗叶面喷施不同浓度的丙酯草醚(ZJ0273)和5-氨基乙酰丙酸(ALA),研究了ALA与丙酯草醚协同处理对苗期的油菜是否安全。结果表明,丙酯草醚随浓度从100~1000mg/L变化,逐渐抑制油菜幼苗生长,鲜重减少,净光合速率和叶绿素含量降低;过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,丙二醛(MDA)积累提高。而10~100mg/L的ALA则促进油菜幼苗生长,增加植株的鲜重、净光合速率并提高了叶绿素含量,POD、SOD和APX酶活性均比对照显著提高,MDA积累减少;500mg/L的ALA效果相反,表现为抑制作物生长。100mg/L ALA和不同浓度的丙酯草醚协同处理,油菜幼苗均比对照生长的更好,鲜重增加,净光合速率提高,抗氧化酶活性增加,MDA积累减少。因此,ALA可以提高油菜幼苗在除草剂丙酯草醚胁迫下的耐性。     

家蚕生物反应器表达传染性法氏囊病病毒多聚蛋白的免疫原性研究

将传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)浙江分离株JD1的多聚蛋白(VP2/4/3)基因克隆到家蚕杆状病毒转移载体pBacPAK8中,重组载体与杆状病毒Bm-BacPAK6的线性化基因组DNA共转染家蚕细胞后,将获得的重组病毒BacPAK-A感染家蚕5龄起幼虫进行虫体内表达.用感染后第5日的蚕血淋巴作抗原制备油佐剂苗免疫14日龄非免疫鸡,安全性试验表明,接种1倍和5倍免疫剂量的试验鸡在临床反应和剖检中均无异常变化;在免疫-攻毒试验中设杆状病毒表达的IBDV VP2蛋白和正常蚕血淋巴免疫对照组,并于28日龄加强免疫,25 d后用IBDV强毒BC6/85攻击.通过临床保护率、病理保护率及血清学试验表明,基于多聚蛋白制备的疫苗更成功地诱导了体液免疫应答,比VP2蛋白对IBDV强毒的攻击具有更高的保护力,更适于作为IBD基因工程亚单位疫苗的抗原成分.     

基于深度学习的高分辨率麦穗图像检测方法

小麦是重要的粮食作物之一,针对人工田间麦穗计数及产量预测效率低的问题,基于深度学习提出了一种高分辨率的小密集麦穗实时检测方法。对麦穗图像数据集进行图像分割、标注、增强预处理,基于Tensorflow搭建YOLOv4网络模型,调整改进后对其进行迁移学习;与YOLOv3、YOLOv4-tiny、Faster R-CNN训练模型进行对比,对改进模型的实用性与局限性进行分析;重点分析影响麦穗检测模型性能的关键因素。通过图像分割的方式,证明了通过改变图像分辨率确定麦穗所占图像最优像素比,可以提高前景与背景差异,对小密集麦穗有显著效果。通过对改进模型的测试,表明该模型检测精度高,鲁棒性强。不同分辨率、不同品种、不同时期的麦穗图像均类平均精度（mAP）为93.7%,单张图片的检测速度为52帧·s^-1,满足了麦穗的高精度实时检测。该研究结果为田间麦穗计数以及产量预测提供技术支持。     

应用生长调节剂对锦橙留树保鲜的影响

重庆地区锦橙果实采前应用GA处理以延缓果实成熟,可留树保鲜2～3个月,再配合使用2,4-D,座果率可达百分之九十五左右,且果实色泽鲜艳、可溶性固形物含量高、果肉细嫩、风味浓甜,只要加强栽培管理,一般不影响翌年的产最。