水稻远缘杂种F2一个不分离株系的小孢子发育过程

水稻远缘杂种Ｆ_２一个不分离株系的小孢子发育过程赵世绪，凌祖铭，杜中（北京农业大学，北京１０００９４）关键词：小孢子发育；无融合生殖；远缘杂种ＭｉｃｒｐｓｐｏｒｅＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆａＩｎｔｅｒｓｐｅｃｉｆｉｃＨｙｂｒｉｄＦ_２Ｎｏｎｓｅｇｒｅｇ...     

Maxillary Granulomatous Inflammation Caused by Halicephalobus gingivalis (Nematoda) in a Connemara Mare in Belgium

A 5-year-old anorexic and lethargic Connemara mare presented with severe facial swelling and dyspnea. No distinct central nervous symptoms were present. Radiographs of the skull showed diffuse radiolucency with loss of definition of the periodontal lamina dura and swelling of the decalcified nasal bones. Given the severe bone damage and its poor general condition, the pony was euthanized. Histological evaluation of the lesion revealed a granulomatous reaction with numerous sections of adult and juvenile nematodes, which were morphologically and molecularly identified as Halicephalobus gingivalis. The position of this facultative parasite within its free-living congeners is reviewed in this article, and the possible infection routes are discussed. This report presents the first record of equine halicephalobiasis in Belgium.     

Combining ability among apomictic and sexual parents of Urochloa humidicola

The diallel cross constitutes an informative genetic design for choosing genitors and crosses in breeding programmes since it provides estimates of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities. Because the breeding programme for Urochloa humidicola ([Rendle] Morrone & Zuloaga; syn. Brachiaria humidicola [Rendle] Schweick) at Embrapa Beef Cattle is recent, these estimates are still unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to obtain the estimates of GCA and SCA from the partial diallel cross design between sexual and apomictic parents. The crosses involved nine sexual and ten apomictic parents. Seventy‐one full‐sib progenies were obtained and evaluated in an incomplete block design, using all parents and the cv. BRS Tupi as a check. The agronomic and forage quality traits were evaluated using seven harvests. Statistical analysis was performed using the mixed model approach. Significant variations were associated with GCA among sexual parents for biomass yield and forage quality traits. However, this cannot be observed for apomictic parents for GCA. The SCA effect was not significant for the assessed traits. These results showed the predominance of additive effects. Sexual parents SEX3 and SEX4 presented the highest potential for contributing favourable alleles in hybrid combinations. The absence of GCA among apomictic parents and SCA suggests the need to increase genetic variability for the generation of breeding populations of U. humidicola.     

Ploidy manipulation in guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq., Poaceae) utilizing a Hybridization-supplemented Apomixis-components Partitioning Approach (HAPA)

Ploidy manipulations are achieved by utilizing unreduced gametes, somatic chromosome doubling or haploidization. Apomixis, the asexual mode of reproduction through seeds, involves two of these phenomena viz., apomeiosis (unreduced embryo-sac formation) and parthenogenesis (fertilization-independent embryogenesis). The two components when partitioned may yield high frequencies of triploids and haploids, and thus, serve as a tool to manipulate ploidy levels when appropriately supplemented with hybridization schemes. Utilizing this H ybridization-supplemented A pomixis-components P artitioning A pproach (HAPA), the largest ploidy series in a crop plant was generated in guinea grass ( Panicum maximum Jacq.). Eighty-nine diverse guinea grass accessions were characterized for their reproductive capacities to identify tetraploid (2 n  = 4 x  = 32) accession(s) with high apospory but reduced parthenogenetic capacity, thereby producing a high frequency of hexaploid seeds. Seeds from accession IG 04-164 were utilized to produce a ploidy series by appropriately combining partitioned apomixis components and hybridizations in two seasonal cycles. We successfully obtained plants representing ploidies 3 x, 4 x , 5 x , 6 x , 8 x and 9 x , all derived from a single 4 x progenitor. Production methodology, reproducibility and utilization of HAPA in cytogenetic and molecular studies are discussed.     

无融合生殖——无性种子的形成过程

 无融合生殖是一种通过种子进行无性繁殖的过程。目前国际上通用的无融合生殖概念是指二倍体无融合生殖,即发生在被子植物胚珠中的不经减数分裂和受精作用而产生种子的生殖方式。尽管目前已在被子植物52个科的400多种植物中发现了无融合生殖植物,但作物中普遍缺乏无融合生殖特性。本文介绍了无融合生殖的发生类型,对无融合植物的分布情况以及近年来国内外新发现的无融合生殖种进行了归纳和整理,总结了无融合生殖的遗传学控制和分子机理研究方面的最新进展,对无融合生殖在农业中的应用和生态学意义等问题进行了讨论。     

甜菜无融合生殖单体附加系M14大孢子发生的超微结构

应用透射电镜技术探求甜菜单体附加系M14 (Beta vulgaris L.,VV+1C, 2n=18+1)有性生殖大孢子与二倍体孢子生殖大孢子发生时的超微结构特征,了解有性生殖和无融合生殖起始细胞的超微结构差别。甜菜单体附加系M14为兼性无融合生殖体,大孢子发生有韭型、蝶须型和蓼型三种类型。韭型和蓼型大孢子发生时均起源于大孢子母细胞,二分体之前从形态结构上难以区分;减数分裂前期I,细胞核中出现核液泡,形成联会复合体,细胞质改组,细胞壁上沉积胼胝质。韭型大孢子发生时,只进行减数第一次分裂,不发生减数第二次分裂,形成二分体,珠孔端二分体细胞退化,合点端二分体细胞发育为二倍体功能大孢子。蓼型二分体的珠孔端细胞在减数第二次分裂前或分裂过程中退化,合点端细胞经减数第二次分裂形成两个细胞,构成三分体,最终合点端大孢子发育为单倍体功能大孢子。蝶须型大孢子发生是M14中唯一的二倍体孢子无融合生殖方式,其大孢子发生时大孢子母细胞不发生减数分裂,不出现核液泡,未形成联会复合体,无细胞质改组,细胞壁上缺乏胼胝质的沉积和缺乏胞间连丝,这些可作为二倍体孢子无融合生殖的鉴定指标。     

水稻无孢子生殖的胚胎学研究

 为进一步确定水稻HDAR的无融合生殖胚的倍性及发生类型，系统观察了胚囊的发生发育。结果表明水稻HDAR中具有一定频率的无孢子生殖胚囊和由卵细胞孤雌生殖而形成的无融合生殖胚。     

植物无融合生殖研究的现状及进展

介绍了植物无融合生殖在选育无融合生殖品种及育种材料方面的成果;概述了植物无融合生殖在胚胎学、遗传学及生殖特性,杂种优势固定途径及无融合生殖材料选育途径等方面研究的现状和趋势。      

草地早熟禾胚发育类型及无融合生殖特征

【目的】通过对草地早熟禾不同时期胚囊发育过程的观察,掌握其胚囊类型和无融合生殖胚囊发育特征,为更深入了解无融合生殖的机理、选育中国本土草地早熟禾新品种提供理论基础。【方法】采用改良的石蜡切片技术,即FAA固定材料,多梯度二甲苯透明,切片厚度8 µm,苏木精（30 min）伊红（5 min）双重染色,观察并分析草地早熟禾的胚囊发育类型和特征。【结果】在石蜡切片中,观察到草地早熟禾巴润生殖过程中的5种胚囊类型,有性生殖胚囊所占比例为21.44%、体细胞无孢子生殖胚囊为49.67%、孤雌生殖胚囊为10.72%、助细胞胚胎和反足细胞胚囊分别为4.82%和7.66%,其中,体细胞无孢子生殖胚囊为主控型胚囊;草地早熟禾有性生殖胚囊为典型的蓼型胚囊;草地早熟禾同一胚珠中存在有性生殖胚囊、体细胞无孢子生殖胚囊或无配子生殖胚囊共存于一体的多胚现象,多胚出现频率为5.69%,其中,卵细胞形成的有性生殖胚囊与助细胞形成的胚囊极性相同,反足细胞形成的胚囊与卵细胞有性生殖胚囊极性相反;无孢子胚囊发育极不规则,通常单个发生或2个以上发生而形成多胚,2个胚囊并存现象居多。【结论】草地早熟禾生殖方式多样,具备有性生殖和无融合生殖2种生殖方式,为兼性无融合生殖植物,其无融合生殖方式以体细胞无孢子生殖为主,此外还有少量孤雌生殖和极少量的无配子生殖。     

无融合生殖水稻HDAR002的胚胎学研究

对无融合生殖水稻材料ＨＤＡＲ００２六个株系的胚胎学研究结果表明，６个株系无融合生殖胚的发生具有多源性，未受精胚的发生具有多源性，未受精胚囊内胚的发生有两种方式：即卵细胞的孤雌生殖和助细胞的无配子生殖；此外珠心细胞可直接分裂形成不定胚。无融合生殖胚的启动分裂时期为开花前２－３ｄ，其胚胎发育过程基本同正常水稻，部分材料的胚在形态上与正常水稻有差异。同时还观察到ＨＤＡＲ００２胚胎发育中的多极核现象与无胚