转变四川农业发展方式的困境与途径研究

加快农业发展方式转变是实现传统农业向现代农业转变,实现农业可持续发展能力和促进农民持续增收的关键。文章以四川省为例,分析了四川现代农业发展面临着的粮食安全与结构调整、投入不足与要素流失、劳动力富余与结构性短缺、生产发展与可持续发展等困境,认为要转变农业发展方式,必须要发展适度规模经营,加快科技创新,不断延长农业产业链和拓展农业多功能,大力发展特效效益农业,走可持续发展之路。     

我国利率市场化改革的道路选择

分析我国利率市场化面临的约束因素以及我国利率市场化存在的有利条件,提出我国利率市场化的战略选择。     

Nature orientation and opportunity: Who values and who has opportunity for satisfactory green spaces in proximity to their place of residence

Urban green spaces (UGS) provide important contributions to people. Yet, UGS planning requires better understanding of by whom and where such contributions are being valued or missed. Based on a mixed-methods online survey and choice experiment with residents of Wellington in Aotearoa New Zealand, we analyse how much and why residents value UGS and their benefits when deciding where to live and how socio-economic and spatial factors might impact nature orientation and opportunity for satisfactory local UGS. We find that local UGS are an important residential choice criteria for the majority of respondents, especially in the context of Wellington’s intensification plans. However, we show that socio-economic and spatial factors significantly impact whether someone values and is satisfied with UGS in proximity to their place of residence. Our findings call for careful scoping of a city’s population and spatial structure when planning for equitable UGS provision. More holistic approaches to green space planning are needed to address contextualities and the complex interdependencies between nature orientation and opportunity and to plan for green space distributions that provide opportunities now and help shaping nature orientation for future generations.     

海南休闲农业产业发展的条件与策略研究

依托独特的休闲农业资源和国家政策的大力支持,休闲农业已经成为促进海南农村产业结构调整、农民持续增收及城乡统筹发展的主要产业之一。为此,运用SWOT分析法解析海南热带休闲农业发展的优势、弱势、机遇、挑战等条件,并针对性地指出寻求海南休闲农业向更深层次发展的策略,旨在对海南休闲农业的发展提供建设性意见。     

Sustainable Aquaculture Products: Implications of Consumer Awareness and of Consumer Preferences for Promising Market Communication in Germany

Sustainability issues are becoming increasingly important in Western food consumption. This research aims at identifying ways to increase the market share of sustainable fish from aquaculture by analyzing consumer awareness and preferences for sustainable aquaculture products and by drawing conclusions on improving communication in the German market. An integrative research approach was used: it began with an inventory of sustainable seafood products on the German market, followed by qualitative and quantitative consumer research, and ending with a stakeholder workshop, which reflected on the research outcome with practitioners. Sustainability and country of origin proved to be of minor relevance to the vast majority of the consumers interviewed. Indeed, attributes such as freshness, taste, and price frequently ranked higher. Like most of the other consumers, the small consumer segment that is generally interested in sustainability issues of food also often lacks knowledge of fish farming and its products. Consequently, communication of sustainability in aquaculture is challenging, and the development of this market requires concerted actions along the whole value chain, with the retail sector as the main actor.     

似士维螨(Schwiebea similis)在九种作物上的取食与繁殖选择

似士维螨(Schwiebea similis Manson)是陕西省留坝县西洋参种植区内的新害螨,为了探索农业防治的潜在效应,选用9种食料作物设5个温阶进行室内取食与繁殖选择试验,探讨其嗜好性.采用拉丁方和二因素法设计、执行2批室内试验,对目标螨虫培养、观察1代,以供试食物上的螨虫均值评价其取食及繁殖选择.综合两批试验,供试食物上似士维螨均值间差异极显著(P＜0.01),作物排序为:蒜(鳞茎瓣)＞马铃薯(块茎)＞薯蓣(块茎)＞西洋参(主根)＞萝卜(主根)＞胡萝卜(主根)＞葱(葱白)＞生姜(根茎)＞小麦(须根).在供试的培养温度范围内,螨虫均值间亦有极显著差异(P＜0.01);对于存活和繁殖而言,24.5℃最佳、15.6～21.2℃适宜、而27.2℃欠适宜.目标螨虫不喜食小麦(须根),由此预示根螨类种群密度在前茬为小麦或其他禾本科作物田内较低,适于轮作西洋参.     

基于城市居民特性的温室气体减排支付意愿离散选择研究

基于消费者支付意愿的定量评价是建立我国温室气体减排框架、确定不同地区合理的减排责任和低碳经济发展政策的基础。整个选择过程是系统分量(支付属性)和随机分量(居民特性)共同作用的结果。以2014年成都、重庆、乌鲁木齐3个西部城市收集的意愿性数据为分析基础,借助Logistic离散选择回归模型系统分析影响居民温室气体减排支付意愿的影响因素。结果表明:乌鲁木齐城市居民支付意愿最高,成都次之,重庆最低。所处地域、年龄、受教育程度、年收入、职业、有无子女和支付动机7个变量对支付意愿影响显著。较之与多数完成式数据的研究相比,意愿性调查能更好地通过分析未选择者的约束因素,从而可更好分析居民对温室气体减排的认知和态度。     

传统与现代视角下的中国农村土地流转

当前中国正处于经济社会的转型期,传统和现代价值系统并存,传统正遭遇现代冲击的表达困境;同时,传统、现代发挥机制与作用不同,导致不同地区之间、农户之间土地流转效果差异很大、土地流转率总体偏低。该研究归纳概括已有的研究成果,旨在为理解村庄现存传统习惯、现代契约选择及其对农民行为尤其是农民土地流转的影响机理提供逻辑基础。结果表明,农民经营活动进入市场必须要面临的风险与传统观念下的"生存伦理"相悖,人际关系与利益最大化的两难抉择,传统封闭性与现代开放农村社区各有利弊,契约选择机制存在问题。因此,今后的公共政策需要协同正式制度与非正式制度,结合村庄情况与农民当前处境进行区别设计。     

农学专业“卓越农艺师”人才培养标准探析

根据"卓越农艺师"人才培养目标和培养内容,从基础知识、综合素质和专业能力等方面探索了"卓越农艺师"人才培养标准和要求,以及学校和企业关于"卓越农艺师"人才培养的考核要求与方式,旨在为新形势下农学专业培养模式改革提供参考。     

近40年来科尔沁沙地沙漠化过程的气候背景分析

本文利用时间序列分析中的滑动平均和短期预测方法分析了科尔沁沙地的 8个气象台站 1 961～ 2 0 0 0 ( 1 998)年多年气温和降水量数据的变化趋势 ,并用简单气候偏差指数计算了逐年的降水量变差 ;同时用变异系数计算了 8个站点 1 961～ 2 0 0 0 ( 1 998)年的降水量年际变差。结果表明 ,近 40年来 8个站点的年均温度呈现显著的直线上升趋势 ,平均增温 1 .5 1℃ ,增温幅度在 0 .90～ 1 .79℃ ;年均温增加主要表现在冬季增温和春季增温 ,而年降水量未发现显著上升或下降的趋势。但从降水季度分布来看 ,春季降水占全年的百分比有显著增加趋势