Genetic linkage of the Yr1 and Pm4 genes for stripe rust and powdery mildew resistances in wheat

Summary Genes Yr1 for resistance to stripe rust and Pm4a for resistance to powdery mildew showed linkage of 2.0±0.6 cM. Close repulsion linkage probably accounts for the absence in European wheats of genes Yr1 and Pm4b in combination.     

Sources of resistance to diseases of sugar beet in related <Emphasis Type="Italic">Beta</Emphasis> germplasm: I. Foliar diseases

Resistance to four foliar diseases of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), virus yellows caused by Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and Beet yellows virus (BYV), powdery mildew (Erysiphe betae) and Cercospora leaf spot (Cercospora beticola), was assessed in up to 600 accessions of closely related wild and cultivated Beta species. Most accessions were from the Section Beta, a taxon containing types most closely related to, and sexually compatible with, sugar beet and therefore most valuable for use in crop improvement. Between 1–12% of accessions were highly resistant (resistance scores of 2 on an international standardised resistance scale of 1–9) to these diseases. These levels, however, underestimate the potential number of resistant sources available from this section as some accessions with intermediate mean resistance scores contained a significant proportion of highly resistant plants within segregating populations. Variation in resistance to all diseases except BYV was observed within the Section Beta. Much higher levels of resistance were observed, and more frequently, in more distantly related sections of the genus Beta. Accessions of the Section Corollinae were highly resistant to both viruses (>62% of accessions tested), but less so to Cercospora (15%) and they were very susceptible to powdery mildew. Section Procumbentes accessions were highly resistant to BMYV and Cercospora (100%) but less so to powdery mildew (50%) and BYV (20%). However, sexual incompatibility between these sections and sugar beet make utilisation of these sources impractical using conventional breeding methods.     

The effect of the ‘Golden Promise’ dwarfing gene on partial resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew in spring barley

Summary F₂-plant progenies, derived from seven crosses between susceptible erectoides breeding lines and conventional, nutans breeding lines with partial resistance to leaf rust incited by Puccinia hordei Otth., derived from Vada x Cebada Capa, were examined in a field and a glasshouse experiment. In the field experiment, the nutans plant progenies generally were more resistant to leaf rust and powdery mildew than the erectoides progenies. In the glasshouse experiment, the components of partial resistance to leaf rust of six erectoides and six nutans progenies derived from one cross were studied. The nutans progenies generally had lower infection frequencies than erectoides progenies with a similar infection level in the field experiment. The variation for leaf rust and powdery mildew infection in the field was similar for the nutans and erectoides progenies. This suggests that erectoides lines with a fairly high level of partial resistance to leaf rust and powdery mildew can be selected from these populations.     

Two unnecessary powdery mildew resistance genes in a synthetic rye population are neutral on fitness

A synthetic winter rye population was produced with two race-specific powdery mildew resistance genes, one dominant (Rm1) and the other (rm2) recessive, each at a frequency of about 0.50. The population was advanced by open-pollination in an isolated plot under mildew-free conditions for eight years. Samples of generations Syn-0 through Syn-7 were inoculated in the laboratory with two mildew isolates, one avirulent to either resistance gene, the other virulent to Rm1 and avirulent to rm2, to discriminate resistant and susceptible phenotypes. From the proportions of resistant plants, frequencies of Rm1 and rm2 were calculated and the fitness of carriers of resistance alleles was estimated in relation to carriers of susceptibility alleles at the two loci using continuous models and linear regression analyses. Frequencies of the two resistance genes oscillated only weakly over the eight generations. Coefficients of selection against Rm1-and rm2rm2 genotypes were –0.04 and –0.02, respectively, and not significantly different from zero. Thus the two resistance genes were selectively neutral. It is concluded that pyramiding of major powdery mildew resistance genes in rye varieties should not reduce their yield potential in the absence of mildew.     

Detection of tolerance of barley cultivars to infection by powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f.sp. hordei)

Summary Barley genotypes representing a wide range of resistance expressions and origins, from major resistance genes in modern cultivars to field resistances in landraces, were assessed for tolerance to disease under glasshouse and field conditions. A few genotypes were picked out as showing less yield loss than would be expected from the level of mildew infection. Genotypes showing more than the expected yield loss were also found. The potential use of tolerance as a breeding character is discussed.     

Identification of Powdery Mildew Resistance Genes in Common Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Major genes for resistance to powdery mildew were analysed in 24 Czechoslovakian wheat cultivars and, in part, in their parents. For this purpose individual isolates of the pathogen, able to differentiate host lines with known resistance genes, were selected. Eight of nineteen winter wheat cultivars do not possess any major resistance gene. Three cultivars have one and seven have two genes. One cultivar carries a combination of three genes (Pm2, Pm4b, Pm8). The most common resistance genes are Pm4b, Pm5 and Pm8. Pm2 is once combined with Pm6. Only one of five spring cultivars lacked a major resistance gene. Mlk is once present alone and twice combined with Pm5. There is one spring cultivar with a novel combination of three genes: Pm1, Pm5 and another gene needing further characterization. The observations are discussed with additional results of parent lines and further information on pedigrees.     

小麦条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病在田间混生时的流行过程

 1986-1988年在田间小区经人工接种，观察比较了小麦条锈病、叶锈病和白粉病单独及混合发生时的流行过程。结果经统计分析表明，在病害混生初期、病情较轻时，病害间没有明显的负相关性，随着病情的加重，病害间的负相关性逐渐增强，表现出明显的相互抑制现象。将不同病害的病情指数经重叠侵染公式转换后进一步分析证明，病害间在高病指下表现的抑制作用除病害间的重叠侵染外，还有拮抗作用存在。该文还对研究多种病虫害相互关系的方法进行了讨论。     

我国五省（区,市）的沙打旺病害及其分布特征

对我国江苏省淮阴县、北京市平谷县、内蒙古自治区库伦旗、陕西省吴旗县和甘肃省武威市的不同年龄的沙打旺（ＡｓｔｒａｇａｌｕｓａｄｓｕｒｇｅｎｓＰａｌ．）病害进行了调查，并以生长地≥０℃年积温和草原湿润度为指标，分析了病害与产地环境条件的关系。结果表明，沙打旺植株田间发病率随草地年龄而增加，在四龄时最高可达１００％。共发现１０种真菌病害，它们是锈病（Ｕｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｌａｐｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）、白粉病（Ｅｒｙｓｉｐｈｅｐｉｓｉ）、小丛壳炭疽病（Ｇｌｏｍｅｒｅｌａｓｐ．）、交链孢黑斑病（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａａｌｔｅｒｎａｔａ）、多主枝孢叶斑病（Ｃｌａｄｏｓｐｏｒｉｕｍｈｅｒｂａｒｕｍ）、茎点霉褐霉病（Ｐｈｏｍａｓｐ．）、棘壳孢叶斑病（Ｐｙｒｅｎｏｃｈａｅｔａｓｐ．）、丝核菌基腐病（Ｒｈｉｚｏｃｔｏｎｉａｓｏｌａｎｉ）、壳针孢斑枯病（Ｓｅｐｔｏｒｉａｓｐ．）和匍柄霉叶斑病（Ｓｔｅｍｐｈｙｌｉｕｍｂｏｔｒｙｏｓｕｍ）等，另发现细菌病、病毒病（花叶病）和菟丝子各１种。细菌、病毒未鉴定，菟丝子为中国菟丝子（Ｃｕｓｃｕｔａｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ）。各地病害发生种数与≥０℃年积温相关不显著（Ｐ＞０．０５），但与草原湿润度（Ｋ值）显著相关     

Field evaluation of mungbeans for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot and powdery mildew

Abstract

Cercospora leaf spot, caused by Cercospora canescens and powdery mildew, caused by Erysiphe polygoni are two of the most important fungal diseases of mungbeans. Nearly 4000 accessions of the global mungbean collection at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center were screened for resistance to these two pathogens. Less than 4% and 12% of the accessions showed resistance to Cercospora leaf spot and powdery mildew, respectively. The level of resistance to Cercospora leaf spot varied and highly resistant lines were not found. A few lines were rated highly resistant to powdery mildew over several years but others were rated moderately resistant or susceptible in other years.     

Powdery mildew resistance in selections from moroccan barley landraces

Thirty barley landraces collected from Morocco in 1985 and 1989, and held in the Polish Gene Bank, IHAR, Radzików, Poland, were screened for resistance to powdery mildew. Fifteen tested landraces (50%) showed powdery mildew resistance reactions and 24 single plant lines were selected. Eighteen lines originating from 13 landraces were tested with 17 isolates of powdery mildew and another six lines originating from six landraces were tested with 23; the isolates were chosen according to their virulence spectra observed on the ‘Pallas’ isolines differential set. Three lines (E 1090-2-2, E 1110-3-2 and E 1077-1-1) showed resistance to all powdery mildew virulence genes prevalent in Europe. In 21 lines, unknown genes alone or in combination with specific ones were detected. Five different resistance alleles(Mlat, Mlal, Mla3, Mlg andMl(CP)) were postulated to be present in the tested lines, alone or in combination:Mlat was postulated to be present in nine (~38%) lines;Mlg andMl(CP) in two lines, andMla1 andMla3 in one tested line each. The use of newly identified sources of resistance in barley breeding as a means of controlling powdery mildew is discussed.