Genotypic variation in field resistance of Cucurbita pepo cultivars to powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum)

Summary Fifty-eight cultivars of Cucurbita pepo (mostly zucchini type) were studied in three-year experiments for field resistance to powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe cichoracearum. No genotypes were found with complete resistance to powdery mildew. There were significant differences in the expression of field resistance characterized by some basic epidemiological parameters (maximum infection degree, area below curve). The highest level of field resistance occurred in 13 cultivars including Acceste F1, Albina, ambassador F1, CU-235, Elite F1, Goldfinger, Parmanta F1, Seneca Hybr. F1.Abbreviations ABC area below curve - ID infection degree - CO Cocozelle - VM Vegetable marrow - ZU Zucchini     

山西省不同生态区小麦白粉病菌毒性监测研究

对山西省不同生态区6 1个小麦白粉病菌株毒性基因频率测定结果表明,Pm2、Pm4a、Pm4b、Pm13、Pm2 0、PmXBD、Pm2 6、Pm4 8、Pm2 Mli、Pm4b Mli和Pm5 6为山西省小麦白粉病菌的有效抗病基因,可供转育利用;Pm6、Pm2 1、Pm2 Ta和Pm1 2 9有一定利用价值;而Pm1、Pm3a、Pm3d、Pm3f、Pm17和Pm19则利用价值较小;Pm3b、Pm3c、Pm3e、Pm5、Pm7和Pm8单独使用无利用价值。并对各毒性基因在不同生态区出现频率进行排序,筛选出不同生态区小麦白粉病菌共有的优势毒性基因     

Phenotypic diversity of barley powdery mildew resistance sources

One hundred and twenty-one of 123 previously detected new sources of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) resistant to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei), and originating from Mediterranean area, and 20 standards were tested at the seedling stage for reaction to 38 selected Israeli powdery mildew isolates. The obtained resistance spectrum (a set of resistant and susceptible reactions) of each accession was divided into triplets and converted to octal numbers. This concentrates information on the resistance phenotype of each accession and makes their comparison much easier. One hundred and thirty-four different resistance spectra were determined. No compatible reaction was found in standards possessing genes mlo and Mlhb2 and in the accession PI 466634. The results demonstrate large diversity in new resistance sources, their distinction from the sources described till now as well as diversity in powdery mildew resistance of wild barley in the Mediterranean area. The results facilitate more effective further studies of such a large set of new resistance sources, and contribute to speeding up their use in barley breeding.     

Sources of powdery mildew resistance in a wild barley collection

A total of 1,383 accessions of wild barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum) held in the USDA-National Small Grains Collection, Aberdeen were screened for resistance to powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei) in the Czech Republic. They were subsequently tested at the seedling stage for reaction to selected powdery mildew pathotypes and simultaneously for their adult plant resistance in the field. One hundred and twenty-three accessions exhibited resistance to 22 pathotypes in the greenhouse tests (reaction type 2–3 or lower) as well as resistance to the natural population of this pathogen in the field in the Czech Republic during at least 2-year testing. These accessions represent large amount of promising sources in breeding barley for resistance to powdery mildew.     

Powdery mildew resistance in Aegilops tauschii coss. and synthetic hexaploid wheats

Summary A collection of 400 Ae. tauschii (syn. Ae. squarrosa) Coss. accessions were screened for powdery mildew resistance based on the response patterns of 13 wheat cultivars/lines possessing major resistance genes to nine differential mildew isolates. 106 accessions showed complete resistance to all isolates, and 174 accessions revealed isolate-specific resistance, among which were 40 accessions exhibiting an identical response pattern as wheat cultivar Ulka/^*8Cc which is known to possess resistance gene Pm2. Expression of both complete and isolate-specific resistance from Ae. tauschii was observed in some synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from four mildew susceptible T. durum Desf. parents, each crossed with five to 38 resistant diploid Ae. tauschii accessions. Synthetic amphiploids involving different combinations of T. durum and Ae. tauschii generally showed a decrease in resistance compared with that expressed by the Ae. tauschii parental lines.     

Identification,pathogenicity and control of powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe elevata on Eucalyptus pellita in Sumatra,Indonesia

Powdery mildews are biotrophic ascomycetes that do not typically kill their hosts, but instead interfere with normal plant growth. In Indonesia, white powdery spots were observed forming on the upper part of fully developed leaves of Eucalyptus pellita planted in sand beds of a clonal nursery. Thus, this study aimed to identify the causal agent of eucalypt powdery mildew in Indonesia as well as to develop control strategies to better manage the disease. Pathogen identification was based on morphology, molecular characterization of DNA sequencing the ITS region and pathogenicity test. In addition, considering that some powdery mildews are inhibited by free moisture on leaves, efficacy of foliar watering was tested for disease control. Phylogenetic analyses showed that isolates collected from infected eucalypt plants grouped together with other sequences of the Erysiphe elevata clade with bootstrap support of 99%; a similar result was also confirmed by morphological observations. Pathogenicity of powdery mildew on eucalypt plants was confirmed through artificial inoculation, thus fulfilling the Koch's postulates. For disease control, foliar watering reduced the incidence of powdery mildew on mother plants. The reduction of the disease incidence began to be more evident at 2 weeks after trial establishment, and in the fourth week, the incidence was below 10% in all three treatments, while the control was above 20%. Therefore, we concluded that E. elevata is the causal agent of powdery mildew in Indonesia and that one application of foliar watering per week was enough to minimize the disease impact in the nursery.     

小麦白粉菌有性时期的寿命、成熟和作用

小麦成熟期病株上的闭囊壳都是不成熟的;干燥条件下不产生子囊孢子,淹没在18℃水中亦不产生孢子,但能存活2天。在室内干燥条件下,闭囊壳存活期限,多雨年份(1984)约在8月上旬,干旱年份(1985)约在9月上旬。子囊孢子产生的适温是16.5—18.5℃,但在31.7—36℃和降雨7.6mm 的条件下仍有16.7%的闭囊壳产生孢子。高温和高湿交替作用,易使闭囊壳失去生活力;50℃干热处理10天,25%的闭囊壳诱发出了子囊孢子。用带有闭囊壳的病叶大量接种小麦,只获得了0.05%的病叶率,因此在本地闭囊壳在侵染循环中的作用是不重要的。     

白粉菌属分种鉴定系统

在白粉菌属分种性状数据库支持下,以 Foxbase 编程建立分种鉴定数据库管理系统,能够快速、全面地进行各性状比较分析,具有较好的“模糊判别”能力,在一定的概率保证下做出鉴定结论.同时可以列出相近种的性状以供用户参考,可以调用计算机存储的模式标本图形进行核对,系统的灵活性和可靠性都已达到实用化程度.数据库系统的建立和分类鉴定融合在同一系统中,操作的自动化程度较高,有较强的统计分析能力,用户可以十分方便地了解白粉菌属分类性状的有关信息,在计算机帮助下提高分类鉴定的速度和水平.     

白菜型冬油菜白粉病病程中超氧化物岐化酶和过氧化物酶及多酚氧化酶的变化

通过研究白菜型冬油菜在感白粉病品种全生育期和全病程中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性变化,发现SOD和POD的活性在白粉菌侵染后明显升高,而在植株衰老枯死时迅速降低;从白粉菌侵染到发病高峰期,SOD活性与白粉菌菌斑数目增加趋势以及单个菌斑面积增加趋势呈指数曲线型相关;POD与白粉菌菌斑数目增加趋势和菌斑面积占总叶面积百分数的增加趋势呈指数曲线型相关;PPO活性变化与病害侵染无明显相关。     

小麦抗白粉菌初侵染过敏性反应的细胞学研究

利用细胞学方法对小麦抗白粉菌初侵染过敏性反应的研究表明，高抗寄主的反应是在病菌入侵栓活动前，由初生芽管或附着胞侵染诱导的主动防卫反应；而在中抗寄主的反应与高感寄主细胞的死亡，则是由坏死的病菌吸器诱导的；且吸器周围的寄主细胞器越少细胞坏死也越早．不论是感病还是抗病寄主细胞死亡时，细胞壁上的过氧化物酶活性均显著增强，说明它可能不是决定抗性的重要因子．