多花黑麦草杂交种SSR分子标记鉴定及表型比较分析

多花黑麦草为异花受粉植物,杂交过程中易出现杂交种生物性混杂现象,有必要对杂交后代进行真假鉴定分析.本研究旨在筛选出多花黑麦草优势杂交组合和优异杂交后代材料,为多花黑麦草杂交育种工作提供基础资料.实验利用SSR分子标记辅助鉴定5个多花黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum)骨干品种为亲本创制的杂种后代真实性,并对亲本与杂种后代主要表型进行比较.结果表明:(1)用20对引物组合共得到多态性条带426条,多态性位点百分率为82.41％,说明SSR分子标记能够很好的揭示多花黑麦草材料间的差异;(2)经SSR分子鉴定,将后代分为有父本特征谱带的杂种后代、无父本特征带的后代2类,在150个杂交后代单株中有父本特征谱带的杂种后代有108个为真杂种,其中杂交组合GC、CG真杂种最多均为24个,WG组合真杂种最少为19个;(3)杂交组合CG的F1代部分形态特征显著优于亲本,5个杂交组合内(间)在营养器官与生殖器官性状均存在显著差异,其中杂交组合MG的变异系数最高,WG的变异系数最低,杂交组合CG形态特征显著高于其他杂交组合.由研究结果可以初步判断长江2号×赣选一号多花黑麦草为优势杂交组合,其杂交种为优异杂交后代材料,可为后续杂交选育新品系提供后备材料.     

Fractionation of soil humic acids by preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of concentrated urea

To separate soil humic acids (HAs) into their constituents and characterize them, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) was carried out in the presence of 7 M urea using a preparative electrophoresis system. Two types of soil HAs were fractionated into nine fractions by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents were recovered from the electrophoretic fractions by precipitation on acidification, and the brown-colored constituents dissolved in the acidic solution of fast-moving fractions were recovered by adsorption onto DAX-8 resin. High-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) confirmed that the constituents of the HAs were separated based on their molecular size by PAGE. The dark-colored constituents exhibited higher degrees of humification than did the corresponding unfractionated HAs, except for the constituents remaining in the electrophoretic gels at the end of electrophoresis. Diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy revealed that the chemical properties of the dark-colored constituents changed regularly: the content of carboxyl groups decreased and the proportions of proteinous, aliphatic and polysaccharide moieties increased with increasing molecular size. The humification degrees of the constituents adsorbed onto DAX-8 resin were considerably lower than those of the corresponding unfractionated HAs. The chemical properties of the DAX-8-adsorbed constituents were different from those of the dark-colored constituents. Observation of electrophoretic fractions under blue light (470 nm) and HPSEC with fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 460 nm and an emission wavelength of 520 nm showed that green fluorescent substances were largely concentrated in the smallest molecular size fractions and were partitioned into both the dark-colored precipitates and DAX-8-adsorbed fractions. The proportion of organic carbon recovered by precipitation and adsorption onto DAX-8 resin was 45–63%, indicating that substantial parts of the HA constituents were missing. The unrecovered constituents were considered to be acid-soluble, nearly colorless substances. The dissociation of the acid-soluble constituents from the acid-insoluble dark-colored constituents during the preparative PAGE of soil HAs was ascribed to disruption of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions caused by concentrated urea.     

Effect of nutrient solution salinity and ionic concentration on parsley (Petroselinum crispum Mill.) essential oil yield and content

The growth and essential oil (EO) production of parsley were evaluated in response to salinity and nutrient solution concentrations in a soilless culture. Parsley plants that were 60 days old were potted in a coconut fiber and peat moss medium and were treated with four different nutrient solutions, including T1, T2, T3 and T4. The T1 nutrient solution was the standard, the T2 and T3 solutions contained incremental macronutrient concentrations with an electrical conductivity (EC) of up to 2.2 and 3.2 dS m^?1, respectively, and the T4 solution was the same as T2 but with sodium chloride (NaCl) and an incremental macronutrient concentration with an EC of 3.2 dS m^?1. Next, these plants were grown for 90 days in a greenhouse with natural daylight in Nador, Morocco. Shoot and root growth significant decreased with increasing EC. However, the salinity that resulted from the addition of NaCl did not affect plant growth in the nutrient solutions. The optimum obtained growth and EO production were 1.2 and 2.2 dS m^?1, respectively. Consequently, the optimum EC value (based on the EO production) of parsley in the soilless culture was 1.2–2.2 dS m^?1.     

大白菜InDels标记开发及其在剩余杂合体鉴定中的应用

大白菜(Brassica rapa ssp.pekinensis)参考基因组序列的公布及测序成本的降低为大规模开发插入/缺失(Insertion/Deletion,InDel)标记提供了可能.本研究以性状差异明显的大白菜自交系He102与06-247为亲本,开展了全基因组重测序、标记开发和验证工作.二者测序深度分别为10×和8×,经筛选共获得330 218个InDels差异位点,出现频率为1.2个/kb,其中有11 238个差异位点位于编码区,包括5 184个差异基因,每个基因平均包含2.2个差异位点.分别以He102与06-247测序数据中筛选出的多态性InDels位点为参照,从10条染色体上随机选择933个位点进行了PCR扩增及电泳检测验证.结果表明,测序深度对假阳性率有直接影响,以测序较深的材料中筛选到的差异位点为参照,其验证结果的假阳性率亦较高,反之则较低.本研究中以He102与06-247为参照选择InDels位点验证的平均假阳性率分别是51.9％和22.5％.从933个位点中共筛选出593个在亲本之间实际表现为多态性的位点,这些差异位点中有375个位于编码区,是潜在的功能性标记.利用上述差异位点,检测了He102与06-247衍生的F7代重组自交系群体,明确了F7代各株系在593个位点的纯/杂合状态,为利用剩余杂合株系精细解析和精准定位大白菜耐抽薹、抗病毒、抗干烧心等重要农艺性状奠定了基础.     

火山喷出物发育土壤的比重及颗粒组成测定

利用比重瓶法对火山喷出物发育土壤的比重进行测定,结果表明:玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重大于粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重;基于粒径小于1 mm土粒测定的比重,玄武岩质火山喷出物和粗面岩质火山喷出物发育土壤的比重均小于一般土壤的平均比重2.65 g cm~(-3);基于粒径小于0.1 mm土粒测定的比重,除个别玄武岩质火山喷出物发育土壤外也小于2.65 g cm~(-3)。分别取比重值为2.65 g cm~(-3)、粒径小于1 mm土粒的实测比重和粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的实测比重,计算不同粒级土粒的沉降时间,并进行颗粒组成的实验研究表明:取不同比重值测定的土壤颗粒组成含量相差较大而且影响土壤质地定名。由于成土母质的矿物组成决定土壤的比重,且土壤颗粒组成的静水沉降实验是在粒径小于0.1 mm土粒的悬液中进行的,所以,准确测定土壤颗粒组成含量,需要区分成土母质的矿物组成,并测定其小于0.1 mm粒径的土粒比重,重新计算沉降时间。     

塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然沙面与人工绿地不同季节局地气候的差异性

[目的]开展塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地自然沙面与人工绿地不同季节局地气候差异性研究,通过观测数据的解析,反映出沙漠与绿地区之间小气候变化的互馈机制,为沙漠区域人工绿地的可持续发展提供理论支持。[方法]利用塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地流动沙丘—人工绿地不同下垫面4个气象站的同步加密观测资料,分析自然沙面与人工绿地的小气候特征差异,初步探讨产生这些差异的原因。[结果]沙漠区对气温的升降速率响应快,绿洲区对气温的变化幅度响应显著;四季在增温时段绿洲相对于沙漠属冷岛,降温时段属热岛;夏季比湿最大,冬季最小,绿洲区相对于沙漠区在秋季湿岛效应持续时间最长,强度最大;春、夏、秋季凌晨至日出时段,绿洲上游边界呈现湿岛效应特征,绿洲下游边界四季全天均表现为湿岛效应;沙漠区域风速日变化极值出现时间早于绿洲区,风速变化范围沙漠区最大,绿洲区最小,在春、夏季,绿洲核心区风速递减率大于绿洲上游边界。[结论]下垫面的差异对小气候影响是十分显著的,绿洲区存在较强的"冷岛效应"和"湿岛效应"。     

Agronomical,quality, and molecular characterization of twenty Italian emmer wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccon</Emphasis>) accessions

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank, 2n = 4x = 28) consists in a hulled wheat; its cultivation has been drastically reduced during the last century as a consequence of its low yield. Recently, its agronomic and nutritive values, as well as the increase of popularity of organic agriculture, have led to a renewed interest making its cultivation economically viable in the marginal lands with an increase of the cultivated areas. In Italy, it mainly survives in few marginal lands of central and southern Italy, where local varieties, adapted to the natural environment from where they originate, are used; moreover, some selected lines have also been developed. In the present work, agro-morphological and qualitative traits, together with molecular analyses of 20 emmer accessions consisting of Italian landraces, breeding lines, and cultivars, were performed. The field experiments were conducted for two consecutive years (2001/2002–2002/2003) in two locations: Viterbo in central Italy, and Foggia in south Italy. The analyzed emmer wheat accessions showed a good amount of genetic variability for both evaluated agro-morphological and molecular traits. This study illustrates an increase in earliness, GY, TW, TKW, and YI going from landraces, breeding lines to cultivars, while the variability does not change proportionally.     

Nomenclature and genetic relationships of apples and pears from Terceira Island

Heritage apple (Malus domestica Borkh. hybrids) and pear (Pyrus communis L. hybrid) trees grow in villages throughout Terceira Island, Azores, Portugal. Some of these pears have different names but similar morphology. The objective of this study was to determine synonymy, homology, and phylogeny of apples and pears from Terceira and to examine potential relationships of the island pears with standard apples and pears of Portuguese or American descent. Nine apple microsatellite markers were used to determine genetic relationships. Distance- and parsimony-based cluster analysis grouped these genotypes into separate apple and pear clades. The Terceira apples were divided into two clades: the maçā and the reineta-reinette. Among the 17 heritage apple genotypes, seven unique accessions were identified and four groups of synonyms, or possibly clones, were detected including: ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares; ‘Reineta Castanha’ and ‘Reineta Verde Miuda’; ‘Maçā Pêra,’ ‘Maçā Calhau’, ‘Pêro Branco’ from Salga and from Terra-Chā and ‘Maçā Marmelo’; and the five genotypes ‘Maçā Sao Joao’, ‘Malápio Rosa’, ‘Maçā Gaspar’, ‘Maçā Branca’ and ‘Maçā Pato’. In addition, two homonyms were detected. ‘Pêro Vermelho’ from Terra Chā was a separate genotype from a tree from Doze Ribeiras of the same name, but Pêro Branco from Terra Chā appears to be a clone that can be distinguished by an additional allele at CH1F07a from a tree with that name from Salga. One pair of apple clones, ‘Reineta Agosto’ and ‘Reineta Verde’ from Altares appear to be derived from an unreduced gamete of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Another apple genotype ‘Maçā Acida’ could be a sibling of the ‘Maçā Pêra’ clonal group. Other tested standard apples from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Of the seven heritage pears, five unique genotypes and one pair of synonyms were detected. ‘Pêra Papo Pintassilgo’ from Raminho and ‘Pêra Vermelha’ from the nursery of Serviço de Desenvolvimento Agario da Terceira (SDAT) were synonyms. ‘Passans du Portugal’ was related to ‘Pêra Cabaca’ but other standard pears from the US genebank were unrelated to Terceira genotypes. Future studies will include additional apple and pear cultivars from other Islands of the Azores and continental Portugal, and wild Asian species to further explore genetic relationships.     

低分子有机酸对土壤中重金属的解吸及影响因素

研究了柠檬酸、草酸、酒石酸和苹果酸对矿区土壤中重金属Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn的解吸行为,并探讨了介质pH值对其解吸土中重金属的影响。振荡解吸试验结果表明四种低分子有机酸对供试污染土壤中Pb、Cd、Cu和Zn都具有一定的解吸能力。由于土壤中重金属有效态含量较低,各重金属的解吸率都不高。在对Pb和Cd的解吸中,各低分子有机酸能力大小顺序为柠檬酸>酒石酸≈苹果酸>草酸;Cu的解吸顺序为柠檬酸>草酸>酒石酸≈苹果酸;Zn的解吸顺序为酒石酸>柠檬酸≈苹果酸>草酸。低分子有机酸随浓度的增加,其解吸能力提高。低分子有机酸对重金属的解吸量随pH值的降低而增加。     

黄壤颗粒表面离子吸附动力学中的离子特异性效应

基于考虑离子非经典极化作用的离子吸附动力学模型,以可变电荷黄壤颗粒为代表材料,研究了锂离子(Li+)、钠离子(Na+)和铯离子(Cs+)在黄壤颗粒表面的吸附动力学特征,进一步计算了离子在土壤/水界面的扩散距离与表面电化学参数。结果表明:(1)Li+、Na+和Cs+在黄壤颗粒表面吸附仅存在一级动力学过程并存在明显的离子特异性差异,这种差异随着电解质浓度降低而增大;(2)离子非经典极化与体积效应的共同作用决定了离子在固/液界面的扩散距离,在较高浓度电解质中,Na+和Li+的离子体积和极化效应基本平衡,导致Na+和Li+离子间差异不显著,但Cs+由于强烈的非经典极化作用,扩散距离表现为:Cs+Na+≈Li+;在低浓度电解质中,离子非经典极化作用占主导,扩散距离表现为:Cs+ Na+ Li+,表明离子扩散距离在低浓度下差异大,而高浓度下差异不显著;(3)离子扩散距离的差异导致固/液界面电位的不同,Stern电位、电荷密度和电场强度均受到离子扩散距离的影响,表面电位(绝对值)在各个浓度下均表现为:Li+ Na+ Cs+,说明表面电位仅受非经典极化作用的影响。本研究将对土壤/水界面反应理论的完善提供新思路。