石灰和有效微生物群处理条件下土壤动物群落多样性研究

采用石灰和有效微生物群(Effective Microoganisms,EM)处理改善了大兴安岭森林生态系统土壤微酸性环境和较低的微生物活性特征,于2003~2005年采用网袋分解法,揭示土壤动物群落多样性特征,为土壤动物生态地理研究和森林生态系统管理提供科学依据。研究表明,分解袋内土壤动物多样性对石灰和EM处理的响应表现出以下特征:(1)处理样地土壤动物个体数增加但类群数减少,其中螨类和弹尾类增加明显。(2)石灰和EM处理降低了土壤动物群落的多样性,对应分析表明石灰样地与其他样地有所差异。(3)各样地不同网孔分解袋中土壤动物类群数表现为大孔>中孔>小孔,而个体数基本上为中孔>大孔>小孔,是由于网袋内中小型土壤动物占优势而大型土壤动物数量较少引起的。(4)土壤动物类群数、个体数和多样性指数在针叶和阔叶网袋中响应特征不同,但彼此间没有显著差异。     

Soil microbial communities resistant to changes in plant functional group composition

The soil community is an often ignored part of research which links plant biodiversity and ecosystem functioning despite their influence on numerous functions such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Few consistent patterns have been detected that link plant and soil community composition. We used a removal experiment in a northern Canadian grassland to examine the effects of plant functional group identity on soil microbial community structure and function. Plant functional groups (graminoids, legumes and forbs) were removed independently from plots for five growing seasons (2003-2007) and in the fifth year effects on the soil microbial community were examined using substrate-induced respiration (SIR - a measure of metabolic diversity) and phospholipid fatty acid analysis (PLFA - a measure of microbial community composition). Removal treatments were also crossed with both a fertilizer treatment and a fungicide treatment to determine if effects of functional group identity on the soil community were context dependent. Plant functional group identity had almost no effect on the soil microbial community as measured by either SIR or PLFA. Likewise, soil properties including total carbon, pH, moisture and nutrients showed a limited response to plant removals in the fifth year after removals. We found a direct effect of fertilizer on the soil community, with fertilized plots having decreased metabolic diversity, with a decreased ability to metabolize amino acids and a phenolic acid, but there was no direct soil microbial response to fungicide. We show that in this northern Canadian grassland the soil microbial community is relatively insensitive to changes in plant functional group composition, and suggest that in northern ecosystems, where plant material is only slowly incorporated into the soil, five growing seasons may be insufficient to detect the impact of a changing plant community on the soil microbes.     

Short term soil priming effects and the mineralisation of biochar following its incorporation to soils of different pH

The aim of this work was to determine the magnitude of the priming effect, i.e. short-term changes in the rate (negative or positive) of mineralisation of native soil organic carbon (C), following addition of biochars. The biochars were made from Miscanthus giganteus, a C4 plant, naturally enriched with ¹³C. The biochars were produced at 350 °C (biochar350) and 700 °C (biochar700) and applied with and without ryegrass as a substrate to a clay-loam soil at pH 3.7 and 7.6. A secondary aim was to determine the effect of ryegrass addition on the mineralisation of the two biochars.After 87 days, biochar350 addition caused priming effects equivalent to 250 and 319 μg CO₂-C g⁻¹ soil, in the low and high pH soil, respectively. The largest priming effects occurred at the start of the incubations. The size of the priming effect was decreased at higher biochar pyrolysis temperatures, which may be a way of controlling priming effects following biochar incorporation to soil, if desired. The priming effect was probably induced by the water soluble components of the biochar. At 87 days of incubation, 0.14% and 0.18% of biochar700 and 0.61% and 0.84% of biochar350 were mineralized in the low and high pH soil, respectively. Ryegrass addition gave an increased biochar350 mineralisation of 33% and 40%, and increased biochar700 at 137% and 70%, in the low and high pH soils, respectively. Certainly, on the basis of our results, if biochar is used to sequester carbon a priming effect may occur, increasing CO₂-C evolved from soil and decreasing soil organic C. However, this will be more than compensated for by the increased soil C caused by biochar incorporation. A similar conclusion holds for accelerated mineralisation of biochar due to incorporation of fresh labile substrates. We consider that our results are the first to unequivocally demonstrate the initiation, progress and termination of a true positive priming effect by biochar on native soil organic C.     

控释肥残膜对小麦各生育期土壤微生物和酶活性的影响

为了探明控释肥树脂残膜对土壤环境可能造成的影响,采用小麦池栽试验研究了控释肥树脂残膜对土壤有关微生物数量和酶活性的影响。结果表明,控释肥树脂残膜使土壤细菌和放线菌数量分别相对增加了19.01%～62.87%和17.03%～132.39%,土壤脲酶、转化酶、中性磷酸酶活性分别提高了17.39%～85.71%、31.77%～158.40%、35.14%～189.47%,但对过氧化氢酶活性无明显影响。施肥处理（施肥不施残膜和施肥施残膜处理）显著增加了土壤转化酶和中性磷酸酶活性;但对土壤细菌和放线菌数量、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性没有显著影响。控释肥树脂残膜施用量在90～360g/m2 范围内,对土壤细菌和放线菌数量以及有关土壤酶活性没有产生不良影响。     

小麦–玉米轮作体系长期施肥对塿土微生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

以20年塿土小麦玉米轮作体系长期肥料定位试验为平台,探讨不同施肥模式下土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮及酶活性的响应。试验包括不施肥（CK）、单施氮肥（N）、氮磷（NP）、磷钾（PK）、氮磷钾（NPK）、NPK+秸秆（SNPK）以及不同量有机肥+NPK（M1NPK、M2NPK）等8种施肥模式。结果表明,与CK相比,长期施用NP提高土壤有机碳含量达34.0%、全氮34.0%、全磷58.5%、速效磷608.9%、微生物量碳23.3%、微生物量氮54.0%、蔗糖酶53.9%、脲酶132.6%、碱性磷酸酶29.9%以及脱氢酶40.9%。长期施用NPK与NP效果相似,钾素效果甚微。作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥与氮磷钾相比没有明显影响土壤有机碳、氮和磷水平,但是显著提高微生物量碳的含量（29.5%）、碱性磷酸酶（23.0%）和脱氢酶（26.9%）的活性。有机肥配合氮磷钾与其它施肥处理相比,显著提升土壤化学肥力要素、微生物量碳氮和酶活性,特别是引起了磷素的大量富集（速效磷含量大于150 mg/kg）。因此,塿土不施有机物情况下,氮磷配合可以提高土壤化学和生物肥力,作物秸秆还田配合氮磷钾化肥的培肥效果优于氮磷钾化肥配合,而合理的有机无机肥配合是塿土提升化学肥力和保证生物健康的最佳施肥模式。     

不同处理方式对奶牛粪细菌群落多样性及群落结构的影响

以腐熟牛粪、新鲜牛粪以及蚯蚓粪为材料,提取其微生物总DNA,利用细菌16SrDNAV3区扩增及变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR-DGGE）法,分析了3种材料中细菌的多样性以及细菌群落结构的相似性。结果表明,蚯蚓粪的细菌多样性最丰富,腐熟牛粪次之,新鲜牛粪的细菌多样性最小。蚯蚓粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构有40%的相似性;蚯蚓粪和新鲜牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性为25%;新鲜牛粪和腐熟牛粪的细菌群落结构的相似性则为35%。     

不同浓度硫酸盐对水稻土中异化铁还原过程的影响

研究不同电子受体之间的竞争关系对揭示厌氧水稻土中微生物作用导致的氧化还原过程变化机理具有重要的理论意义。本研究采用土壤泥浆厌氧培养、人工合成氧化铁体系接种土壤浸提液厌氧培养及接种铁还原菌纯培养等试验方法,通过向培养体系中添加SO24-,探讨了硫酸盐作为竞争电子受体对不同铁还原体系中Fe（Ⅲ）还原的影响。结果表明,在2种水稻土的泥浆培养过程中,Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率均随着SO24-浓度增加而降低,但Fe（Ⅱ）的最终累积量却较对照处理有明显的增加。添加硫酸盐对Fe（Ⅲ）还原速率（k）的影响表现为：石灰性水稻土〉酸性水稻土;而最终Fe（Ⅱ）累积增加率则为：酸性水稻土〉石灰性水稻土。由接种不同水稻土浸提液的培养试验看出,添加SO24-后Fe（Ⅲ）还原受到显著的抑制,但随着培养时间延长Fe（Ⅲ）还原反应依然可以进行,并且Fe（Ⅱ）累积量最终达到与CK相同的水平。在接种铁还原菌的纯培养试验中,添加SO24-对供试的4株铁还原菌的Fe（Ⅲ）还原过程并未产生抑制效应,表明铁还原菌本身并不受硫酸盐的影响。     

土壤电动修复中电极切换对土壤微生物群落的影响

通过细菌计数和Biolog方法,研究了在3.0V·cm^-1的电压梯度下,不同电场切换周期（24h、5h、10min和1min）对土壤微生物群落的影响。结果表明,电压梯度为3.0V·cm^-1的电场作用能够促进土壤微生物的活性,但会轻微地降低土壤微生物功能多样性,电场切换不能改变这种电场对微生物群落的影响;长时间的电场处理下,电极反应对微生物数量和功能多样性损害严重,切换电场电极能有效消除电极效应,电场电极切换周期≤5h时,可保护电极附近土壤微生物多样性,当切换周期≤10min时,不仅可保护土壤微生物多样性,而且可以保护微生物数量。研究结果说明了电场电极切换能有效降低电极反应对微生物群落的影响,揭示了电场电极切换对土壤微生物群落影响的规律,为电场电极切换方法在污染土壤电动强化生物修复技术中的深化和应用提供理论依据。     

西安市北郊污灌区土壤中抗铅链霉菌的多样性分析

从西安市北郊污灌区采集土样,用添加K2Cr2O7 75 μg·mL^-1和青霉素2 μg·mL^-1的高氏1号、HV和SC固体培养基分离到120株具有链霉菌特征的放线菌。采用浓度梯度法,用含Pb^2＋培养基对分离菌株进行筛选,得到50株抗铅链霉菌。在抗铅能力实验结果的基础上,选取14株抗性较强链霉菌代表菌株进行形态培养特征、生理生化和16S rDNA基因序列相似性等分析。结果表明,14株代表菌株可归为6个不同的颜色类群,其表型特征与生理生化性质和链霉菌相符合,在系统发育树上处于8个不同的进化分支。菌株HQ0031与已知链霉菌相似性差异较大,可能为链霉菌属内1个潜在新种。研究表明西安市北郊污灌区土壤中抗铅链霉菌具有丰富的多样性,可为重金属污染环境的生物修复提供有益的微生物资源。     

甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中的降解行为研究

为了评价甲氰菊酯在苹果园使用后的生态环境行为和效应,采用室内模拟方法,借助气相色谱分析技术,研究了甲氰菊酯在3种苹果园土壤中的降解半衰期与土壤理化性质和环境条件的关系。结果表明,甲氰菊酯在土壤中的降解主要是微生物降解,非生物降解所占比例较小,降解规律符合一级动力学模型,在25℃时降解半衰期为27．5～30．4d;甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中降解的半衰期与土壤有机质含量和土壤pH值呈显著高度负相关,常温下相关系数为0．9;综合微生物降解和非生物降解因素,苹果园土壤中甲氰菊酯降解的适宜温度是30—35℃。