提高钢琴键盘尺寸稳定性的研究

文章采用PEG的分子量、质量体积浓度、压力的变化作为影响因子,探讨了不同条件下的PEG对鱼鳞云杉尺寸稳定性能的影响,结果表明,PEG处理过的鱼鳞云杉具有较高的尺寸稳定性,PEG的分子量、处理液浓度、抽真空度和浸渍加压压力对木材尺寸稳定性都有一定的影响。     

Coupling changes of soil functional gene abundances and extracellular enzyme activities across the diagnostic horizons of agricultural Isohumosols

Soil functional microbial taxa and extracellular enzymes are involved in a variety of biogeochemical cycling processes. Although many studies have revealed the vertical change patterns of microbial communities along soil profile, the general understanding of the coupling changes in the functional gene abundances (FGAs) and extracellular enzyme activities (EEAs) in soil profiles is still limited, which hinders us from revealing soil ecosystem processes. Herein, we comparatively investigated the FGAs and EEAs in the diagnostic A, B, and C horizons of soil profiles obtained from two suborders of Isohumosols (Mollisols), Ustic and Udic Isohumosols, in Northeast China based on quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and standard fluorometric techniques, respectively. The distribution patterns of both FGAs and EEAs significantly distinguished by the two soil suborders and were also separated from A to C horizon. Additionally, the variations of EEAs and FGAs were greater in Udic Isohumosols compared to Ustic Isohumosols along soil profiles, and greater changes were observed in C horizon than in A horizon. Both FGAs and EEAs correspondently decreased along the soil profiles. However, when normalized by soil organic carbon, the specific EEAs significantly increased in deep soil horizons, suggesting that microorganisms will input more resources to the production of enzymes to ensure microbial nutrient requirements under resource scarcity. More importantly, we revealed that soil microbial nutrient demands were limited by carbon (C) and phosphorus (P), and the C and P limitations significantly increased along soil profiles with a greater C limitation observed in Ustic Isohumosols than in Udic Isohumosols. Overall, our findings provided solid evidence showing the links between FGAs, EEAs, and microbial nutrient limitations, which would be helpful for a better understanding of the ecosystem processes in soil profiles.     

基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模拟

为建立基于智能体和元胞自动机(Agent-CA)的鱼道内鱼类行为模型,该研究以计算流体力学软件得到的水流流场数据为基础,根据过鱼试验研究认识到的鱼上溯行为特征和规律,定义了不同场景下鱼的避开障碍、寻找主流、逆流向前、逆流后退、冲刺、随机6种行为和行为规则,将鱼道划分成多个二维元胞空间,将元胞空间中元胞状态为"鱼"的网格看作是一个智能体(Agent)。在3种体型的竖缝式鱼道中应用该模型对草鱼幼鱼的上溯行为进行模拟,并将模拟结果与实际过鱼轨迹进行对比。结果表明:该研究构建的模型能够较好地描述实际过鱼的主要上溯轨迹,针对3种体型竖缝式鱼道的模拟特征轨迹范围相对误差分别为23.5%、7.7%和2.3%。本研究提出的基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模型具有较好的适用性,可为鱼类行为模拟研究提供重要基础数据。     

土著B[a]P降解菌群的富集及最佳降解条件研究

为了获得能够降解苯并[a]芘(BaP)的微生物菌群,为生物修复多环芳烃污染的土壤提供菌种资源,本试验从长期石油污染的土壤中,富集了一个能够降解BaP的微生物菌群,并研究了其最佳降解条件,通过高通量测序研究了其群落结构。该菌群可以在15 d内将30 mg·L^-1的BaP降解33.34%。高通量测序的结果表明,该菌群主要由Bacillus、Zobellella、Gordonia和Rheinheimera组成,其中Bacillus是主要的降解菌。试验结果表明,该菌群的最佳降解条件为1%盐度,酵母浓度为80 mg·L^-1,pH值7.0。该菌群对芘、菲、荧蒽等多环芳烃也有一定的降解效果,其中荧蒽的降解效果最好,降解率达到99%。试验结果表明,该菌群在实际应用中具有很大的潜力。     

氮肥减量配施有机肥对苹果产量品质及土壤生物学特性的影响

为改善当前苹果园不合理施肥现状,探究适合苹果园提质增效的施肥方案,以红富士苹果为试材,设置常规施肥、优化减氮、有机肥替代25%氮肥、有机肥替代50%氮肥4个处理,其中后3个处理的总施氮量一致,为常规施肥的一半,试验连续进行两年后测定果实产量、品质、土壤微生物量碳氮以及土壤酶活性。结果表明:优化减氮处理产量与常规施肥差异不显著,氮肥偏生产力是常规施肥的2倍以上;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的产量最高,比常规施肥处理增加5.4%。优化减氮处理和有机肥替代氮肥处理的果实可溶性糖和糖酸比均显著高于常规施肥;施用有机肥的处理可滴定酸显著低于施化肥处理,糖酸比相反;有机肥替代50%氮肥处理的品质最佳,可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、糖酸比分别比常规施肥高1.8%、2.7%、16.9%。土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤酶活性与土层深度及有机肥的施用有关,特别是在20～40 cm土层深度,有机肥替代氮肥处理的土壤微生物量碳氮、土壤β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶、β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶活性均显著高于常规施肥处理,且两两之间呈显著或极显著正相关关系。因此,在陕西省苹果园可以推荐常规施氮量减少一半的情况下用有机肥替代50%氮肥,以节省化肥、增加产量、改善品质、提升土壤质量,促进果园的可持续发展。     

玉米秸秆牺牲剂对TiO2/Pt/生物炭光催化水制氢性能的影响

采用光沉积法、水热合成法制备出TiO2/Pt/生物炭复合光催化剂,以玉米秸秆悬浮液作为牺牲剂,考察了不同质量分数玉米秸秆对光催化分解水制氢性能的影响。通过X射线衍射（X-ray Diffraction,XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscopy,SEM）、透射电子显微镜（Transmission Electron Microscopy,TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy,XPS）和紫外可见漫反射光谱（UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectra,UV-Vis DRS）等表征手段进一步论证了复合催化剂结构特征。结果表明,随着玉米秸秆质量分数的增大,光催化体系的制氢量展现出先增大后降低的变化趋势。当玉米秸秆质量分数为30%时,TiO2/Pt/生物炭复合材料制氢性能最佳,制氢速率达到225 μmol/(g·h),是单纯TiO2/Pt的11.2倍。其原因在于玉米秸秆分子组成中含有大量的醛基自由基,在光催化过程中被激发,与空穴发生氧化反应,提高了光催化制氢效率。此外,TiO2/Pt/生物炭光催化制经过5次重复利用后,制氢量仍为900 μmol/g,具有较高的光稳定性。     

不同无机盐保鲜剂对百合切花保鲜的效应

试验探讨不同无机盐离子对百合切花保鲜的影响。结果表明:不同保鲜剂均能有效地增加切花鲜重,增大花径,改善切花体内的水分状况,增加POD活性,降低脯氨酸含量,从而延缓切花衰老,提高切花寿命。其中,以保鲜剂D:30 g/L蔗糖 200 mg/L 8-HQ 50 mg/L Al2(SO4)3的保鲜效果最好。     

不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型薯疮痂病防控效果及其微生态效应分析

通过田间小区试验评价了6个不同处理对蛭石栽培的微型马铃薯疮痂病的防效,并采用16S核糖体基因高通量测序技术研究了蛭石中细菌群落结构的变化.试验结果显示,棉隆+青霉菌34107处理对疮痂病防效最好(93.43％),显著高于对照药剂中生菌素处理(65.10％);而且商品薯的数量和经济效益也最高,分别达到348.3万个/hm...     

Resistance and resilience of soil biological indicators: A case study with multi-walled carbon nanotube

Soil ecosystem is experiencing stresses due to climate change, and soil inhabitants try to demonstrate their inherent resistance and resilience against those stresses. Application of nanomaterials as agricultural inputs could bring shifts in resistance and resilience patterns of soil microbes and associated enzymes, especially under short-term heat stress. With this background, the impacts of multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) on the resistance and resilience of soil biological indicators were evaluated. An incubation experiment was conducted with varied MWCNT concentrations (0, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg kg^-1 soil) for 90 d after 24-h heat stress at 48 ±2 ℃ to assess the impacts of MWCNT on soil enzyme activities and microbial populations vis-à-vis their resistance and resilience indices under short-term exposure to heat stress. Enzyme activities were reduced after exposure to heat stress. Resistance indices of enzyme activities were enhanced by MWCNT application on day 1 after heat stress, whereas there was no recovery of enzyme activities after 90-d incubation. Like soil enzyme activities, resistance index values of soil microbial populations followed the similar trend and were improved by MWCNT application. Multi-walled carbon nanotube has the potential to improve resistance indices of soil enzyme activities and microbial populations under heat stress, although they could not recover to their original state during periodical incubation after heat stress. This study helps to understand the relative changes of biological indicators under MWCNT and their ability to withstand heat stress.     

干旱胁迫下保水剂对雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和中性香气物质含量的影响

为研究干旱胁迫下保水剂种类和用量对雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和香气质量的影响,以德雪3号为试材,采用盆栽试验研究不同保水剂种类(SAP保水剂、沃特保水剂和自制保水剂TS-PAA)与用量(2、4、6 g·株^-1)下的雪茄烟叶碳氮代谢和中性致香成分含量变化。结果表明：1)使用保水剂可有效提高雪茄烟生长发育前期(45 d以前)氮代谢强度,加速氮素营养向烟碱的转化与积累,削弱后期(60 d以后)氮代谢强度,使烟碱的积累程度明显减弱,75 d时各处理的烟碱含量较对照均有大幅度下降,以TS-PAA 2 g·株^-1处理降幅最大,为32.26%。2)使用保水剂能加速中后期(45 d以后)碳代谢进程,促进雪茄烟叶中淀粉、总糖、还原糖含量增加,其中以TS-PAA 4 g·株^-1处理增幅最高,较CK增幅分别为327.28%、80.51%、79.54%,糖碱比增幅161.90%,两糖比(还原糖/总糖)均维持在0.9左右。3)使用保水剂还能显著延迟叶片衰老,提升烟株的抗旱能力,促进雪茄烟叶中性致香成分积累。4)在干旱协迫条件下,保水剂的使用有利于促进雪茄烟...