土壤有机质与水分反射光谱响应特征综合作用模拟

土壤有机质与水分均对土壤反射光谱特征有显著的影响,但其作用机理难以定量描述。通过对黑龙江省典型黑土区土壤野外高光谱反射率的测定,研究了该区土壤的光谱反射特征;利用BP神经网络方法,以土壤有机质与水分数据作为输入层,以土壤光谱反射率一阶微分作为输出层,建立黑土有机质与水分的高光谱预测模型,并对模型的稳定性和预测能力进行检验。结果表明:土壤有机质与土壤表层0~20 cm含水量之间具有显著的相关性,相关系数为0.59;1570 nm波段处的一阶微分为输出层的模型精度最高,RMES达到0.017,平均绝对误差为0.014,平均相对误差为0.110;模型检验结果表明建立的BP神经网络模型具有良好的稳定性;土壤有机质、含水量对土壤光谱反射率的综合作用得到较准确的描述,可以用于野外土壤有机质与水分的速测。     

再生水回灌的农业环境风险及对策

随着我国城市化进程加快和经济的快速发展,需水量大幅增加,造成局部缺水严重,与此同时城市污水处理厂的数量和规模不断增大,而这些污水处理厂出水(再生水)直接排入河流而没有被再次利用造成资源浪费,再生水回用后对土壤环境的不确定性影响是造成再生水利用率较低的重要原因。本文系统总结了再生水回用对土壤环境的盐分、有机质组分、微生物、重金属、难降解有机污染物的国内外的研究成果,指出:(1)再生水回用于灌溉在提高肥力的同时,能够引起土壤盐分的累积;(2)再生水回用于灌溉能够导致土壤微生物菌群的变化,也有引起环境卫生的风险,但是风险极低;(3)再生水灌溉能够引起部分重金属元素的累积;(4)再生水灌溉对土壤难降解有机污染物的影响是未来研究的热点。     

基于地理权重回归模型的土壤有机质空间预测

准确了解土壤有机质的空间分布是合理施肥的重要前提,也是水土流失控制及保护环境的重要基础。利用113个土壤有机质样点数据,以海拔高度、土壤侵蚀强度、土地利用、比值植被指数、样点至河流的欧氏距离、亚铁矿物指数及坡度为参考因子,来尝试利用GWR(Geographically Weighted Regression)模型探索多重因素作用下的土壤有机质空间分布,并通过与普通线性回归(ordinary least squares,OLS)相比较,来了解GWR模型的精度,进而进行了土壤有机质的空间制图,并对其制图效果进行了评价。结果表明,与OLS模型相比,GWR预测模型它能显著降低AIC(Akaike Information Criterion)值,较大程度地提高模型的决定系数,并有效地减少模型的回归残差值。从制图的总体效果看,GWR模型的预测结果与实测值的吻合程度要优于OLS模型。文章还对利用GWR模型进行回归时的样点数量、因子筛选及因子定量化等方面进行了相应的讨论。     

Effect of nitrogen application during ripening period on photosynthesis and dry matter production and its impact on yield and yield components of semidwarf iniica rice varieties under water culture conditions

Abstract

A water culture pot experiment was conducted to analyze the effects of N application during the ripening period (RP) on photosynthesis, dry matter production, and its impact on grain ripening and yield in two semidwarf indica type varieties viz. Gui Zhao 2 (GZ) and BR3 (BR) compared with a japonica type variety Koganemasari (KO) under four N rates viz. 0 (N₀), 10 (N₁₀), 20 (N₂₀), and 40 (N₄₀) mg L^?1. Results showed that N application enabled to maintain a higher leaf area and delay leaf senescence in both indica and japonica type varieties but the decrease in the rate, of leaf area was higher in the former than in the latter and the rate was reduced with increasing N rates. Flag leaf photosynthesis and SPAD values of N treated plants were higher throughout the RP, showing the presence of a significant correlation either for each variety or all the varieties together. Higher photosynthetic rate was supported by higher leaf chlorophyll (SPAD value basis) content, stomatai conductance, and N concentration in leaf blades. Top dry matter content increased with increasing N rates mainly due to mean leaf area rather than NAR except for BR during RP but it was higher in KO than in GZ and BR. Reduction of shoot weight due to translocation of dry matter to panicles during RP was suppressed by N rates both in GZ and BR while shoot weight increased in the N-treated plants in KO. The dependency of KO on current photosynthates for panicle weight was found to be almost hundred percent while the contribution of stored carbohydrates in shoot before heading to panicle weight in GZ and BR was in the range of 4-27 and 33-54%, respectively and the rest was contributed by current photosynthates. The percentage increased with increasing N rates. Percentage of ripened grains (PRG) increased with increasing N rates in GZ and BR due to the increase in dry matter production and in the photosynthetic rates of apex leaves, despite the larger spikelet number and larger hull size. However, KO showed almost no variation although it had the highest PRG among the varieties. Brown rice yield followed the same pattern as that of PRG in GZ and BR and the highest yield was produced by BR followed by GZ and KO. These results suggest that N application during RP was more effective in increasing yield in the semidwarf indica type varieties than in the japonica type variety.     

Asymmetric warming effects on N dynamics and productivity in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Climate warming exhibits strong diurnal variations, with higher warming rates being observed at nighttime, which significantly affects rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and grain yield. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of asymmetric warming (all-day warming, AW; daytime warming from 07:00 to 19:00, DW; nighttime warming from 19:00 to 07:00, NW, and a control, CK) on rice nitrogen (N) dynamics and productivity. Two rice bucket warming experiments were performed in Nanjing in Jiangsu Province, China, using the free air temperature increase (FATI) technique. The daily mean temperatures in the rice canopy in the AW, DW and NW plots were 2.0, 1.1 and 1.3ºC higher than those in the rice canopy in the CK plots, respectively. The results indicated that the total N accumulation of rice was 8.27–40.53% higher in the warming treatment than in the control during the jointing, anthesis and maturity stages. However, there was no significant difference detected among the three warming treatments. The warming treatment substantially decreased N translocation efficiency, leading to the retention of more N in the plant stems during grain filling. The warming treatment also decreased the N harvest index, N utilization efficiency based on grain yield and N utilization efficiencies based on biomass in both growing seasons. The warming treatment significantly increased the aboveground biomass (9.26–16.18%) in the jointing stage but decreased it (2.75–9.63%) in the maturity stage. Although DW increased the carbon (C) gain by photosynthesis and NW increased the C loss by night respiration, the daytime higher-temperature treatment affected rice photosynthesis and reduced its photosynthetic rate and product. This effect may be one of the primary reasons for the insignificant difference in the aboveground biomass between the DW and NW treatments. In the AW, DW and NW plots, the grain yield was reduced by an average of 10.07, 5.05 and 7.89%, respectively, across both years. The effective panicles and grains per spike tended to decrease in the warmed plots, whereas irregular changes in the 1000-grain weight were observed. Our results suggest that under the anticipated climate warming, rice productivity would further decline in the Yangtze River Basin.     

温度对麦秸混合物料厌氧干发酵中糖类水解酶活性的影响

水解酶活性直接影响到秸秆厌氧干发酵的沼气产量。本文以麦秸为主要原料, 配制干物质含量(TS)35%的混合发酵物料, 设置20 ℃、25 ℃、30 ℃、35 ℃、40 ℃ 5种不同温度条件, 发酵周期为35 d, 测定发酵过程中料液的纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、淀粉酶和蔗糖酶的活性变化。结果表明, 沼气产气高峰在35 ℃左右, 20~40 ℃时, 随着温度的升高, 发酵后料液的料液干物质含量(TS)、可挥发固体含量(VS)、C/N均明显下降, 发酵产沼气后, 各处理发酵液 pH都降到7.0以下, 其中40 ℃的pH降低幅度最大。纤维素酶活性在发酵初期较低, 峰值出现也较晚, 温度升高明显有利于提高纤维素酶活性。木聚糖酶的起始活性较高, 整个发酵过程中呈先升高后降低并渐趋于平缓的变化趋势, 20~25 ℃处理的木聚糖酶活性在整个发酵过程中没有明显峰值。淀粉酶的起始活性较低, 但随后迅速升高, 30~40 ℃处理在10 d左右达到峰值后开始下降, 此后酶活力的变化幅度较前期平稳。蔗糖酶的起始酶活力较低, 随后升高迅速, 温度在30 ℃以上时酶活性增加更快, 35 ℃时15 d达到峰值后迅速下降, 下降速度明显大于30 ℃和40 ℃处理。由此可见, 温度对秸秆厌氧干发酵过程中不同水解酶活性的影响还是有所差异的。     

近30年中国农田耕层土壤有机质含量变化

土壤有机质含量是影响土壤肥力水平的重要指标,也是开展耕地质量建设、科学施肥工作的基础。利用2005—2014年测土配方施肥项目数据与全国第二次土壤普查数据进行对比,分析了近30年来中国农田耕层土壤有机质的变化趋势。结果显示,30年来我国农田耕层土壤有机质含量呈整体上升趋势,目前,全国耕层土壤有机质平均含量为24.65 g kg~(-1),较全国第二次土壤普查时期提高4.85 g kg~(-1),提高24.49%。其中,30~40 g kg~(-1)等级比例增加3.64个百分点,20~30 g kg~(-1)等级比例增加5.68个百分点,10~20 g kg~(-1)等级比例增加5.36个百分点。需要引起注意的是,大于40 g kg~(-1)等级比例减少了1.38个百分点。     

DOC与POC耦合柴油机燃用调合生物柴油颗粒物的排放特性

在一台高压共轨柴油机上进行燃用调合生物柴油(B0、B10和B20)台架试验,利用MOUDI颗粒分级采样系统和气相色谱-质谱联用仪(GC-MS)分别研究氧化催化器(diesel oxidation catalyst,DOC)结合颗粒氧化催化器(particle oxidation catalyst,POC)对颗粒物的粒径质量浓度分布和可溶性有机组分(SOF)的影响。结果表明:随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,各粒径范围的排气颗粒物质量浓度均下降,质量浓度峰值均在0.18~0.32μm;颗粒物SOF中脂类、酸类质量分数增加,烷烃类、芳香烃、酚类物质质量分数减少;B0和B20的碳原子数质量分数均呈现近似以C16为峰值的正态分布。加装DOC+POC后,3种燃料颗粒物的质量浓度均降低,聚集态颗粒的质量浓度转化率高于粗颗粒态,其中B20聚集态转化率最高,为58.36%;随着生物柴油的掺混比增加,DOC+POC对SOF的转化率增大,其中B20颗粒中SOF转化率达65.15%;DOC+POC对脂类和酸类物质净化作用明显,加装DOC+POC后,B20脂类和酸类物质的质量分数降幅分别为55.45%和43.27%;DOC+POC对B20颗粒物中SOF的C12~C18氧化作用明显。     

重庆市四面山不同土地利用类型饱和导水率

[目的]探讨不同土地利用类型和土壤理化性质对饱对导水率的影响。[方法]采用定水头法测定四面山不同土地利用类型的饱和导水率,并运用回归分析,相关分析和主成分分析法分析其与土壤物理因子和有机质的关系,以及影响饱和导水率的主导因子。[结果]各土地利用类型的平均饱和导水率均高于荒地,其顺序为:林地农地草地,林地中天然林饱和导水率大于人工林;饱和导水率随土层深度的增加呈负指数递减规律;饱和导水率与容重呈幂函数关系,与孔隙度呈正相关,与黏粒含量呈负相关;有机质含量的提高对饱和导水率有积极的促进作用。[结论]影响饱和导水率的主导因子是容重、有机质、非毛管孔隙度和毛管孔隙度,其次,土壤机械组成对其也有一定影响。     

土壤有机质测定方法述评与展望

有机质是土壤的重要组成部分,是判定土壤质量动态变化的重要标准。为了便于了解当前土壤有机质测定方法的优点和局限性,利于今后有机质研究和测定工具的开发,本文对当前测定有机质的方法,包括干烧法、湿烧法、化学氧化法、灼烧法和土壤有机质光谱测定法进行了阐述,分析了各方法的优缺点以及研究中适宜选择的方法,并对当今农业的需求和测定方法的不足,提出了研究无损、原位测量有机质工具的构想,展望了土壤有机质快速测定方法的发展趋势,以此为精准农业的实施和农业的可持续发展,提供基本的信息及建议。