单倍体籼稻无性系微芽的离体调控

 以籼稻单倍体无性系微芽为材料,研究了激素及秋水仙碱等处理对籼稻单倍体微芽的诱导、分化、扩增及加倍的影响。2 mg/L的2,4-D可提高籼稻单倍体微芽的培养力。NAA对籼稻单倍体微芽的扩增有明显影响,0.5 mg/L的NAA可成倍扩增微芽,培养35 d后,其芽数比原始芽数增加了46.21倍,比不加NAA的对照增加了2.8倍,且单芽重仅0.079 mg。籼稻单倍体微芽扩增的适宜培养基为：N6附加MET 2.5 mg/L、NAA 0.5 mg/L、6-BA 2 mg/L。500 mg/L秋水仙碱溶液处理籼稻单倍体微芽48 h,其二倍体得率较高,绿苗率及二倍体率分别为42.9%和60.0%;秋水仙碱处理愈伤组织的效果不佳,虽然提高秋水仙碱处理浓度可提高二倍体率,最高可达100%,但由于绿苗分化率下降,使总的二倍体得苗率比不处理的对照低。     

Inheritance of microsatellite loci in polyploid Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) based on uniparental haploids

Haploid gynogenesis was induced in Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri Brandt) using UV‐irradiated bester (hybrid of Huso huso L. and Acipenser ruthenus L.) sperm. The inactivated heterologous sperm was used successfully to produce gynogenetic haploids of Siberian sturgeon. All haploid progeny were screened using microsatellite DNA analysis and uniparental transmission in gynogenetic haploids was confirmed. The objective of this study was to obtain haploids of Siberian sturgeon and describe the inheritance of microsatellite loci in haploid embryos of this species. This initial work, based on inheritance in haploid Siberian sturgeon, suggests that three studied microsatellite loci segregate disomically, three tetrasomically and one octasomically.     

利用高油分的花粉直感效应鉴别玉米单倍体

通过对农大高诱1号衍生材料的诱导率和含油量的分析,筛选出了一个诱导率与含油量均较高的高诱株系.该系油分具有显著的花粉直感效应,父本效应值为0.38,以其为父本与普通玉米杂交,杂交当代籽粒含油量显著高于自交籽粒和单倍体籽粒,花粉直感的增油率在30%以上.利用这一区别所发展的单倍体油分筛选法准确率超过90%,明显高于标记     

Study on Haploid Inducing and Its Meiotic Abnormality in Maize

The haploid-inducing line Stock 6 was used to produce haploid maize and expected to obtain maize haploid plants successfully. The detailed meiotic studies on selected haploid maize （n = x = 10） were conducted. Cytogenetic analysis revealed a high frequency of meiotic abnormality occurred in both meiosis Ⅰ and meiosis Ⅱ. During the prophase Ⅰ, univalents were common configurations, and there were bivalents or trivalents in some pollen mother cells, however, a few cells containing five bivalents were also observed. After prophase Ⅰ, chromosomes did not congregate in a single metaphase plate but they were scattered in the cytoplasm. At anaphase Ⅰ, the chromosome distribution was highly irregular with almost all possible combinations. In some cells, chromosomes were grouped into the three or four masses and several spindles appeared. At the tetrad stage of meiosis Ⅱ, eytokinesis splitting abnormality occurred, and a variety of diad, triad, tetrad, pentad, hexad, as well as decury microspores were easily observed. As a consequence of abnormalities of the two meiotic stages, various microspores and the pollen were almost completely sterile. grains with different size were formed, and its pollen grains     

石刁柏(Asparagus officinalis)花药培养与染色体倍性的观察

1988～1989年进行了石刁柏花药离体培养的研究工作,用MS为基本培养基,我们认为花药呈黄绿色,多为花粉的单核靠边期,这时培养较易诱导愈伤组织。6BA是愈伤组织分化成绿点或绿芽再生成小植株的主要因素。愈伤组织由绿芽染色体的观察,其倍数表现不一致,其中有单倍体、二倍体和多倍体等,这为单倍体的选择提供了一些有价值的材料。     

辣椒单倍体离体诱导及育种应用

 概括介绍了辣椒单倍体诱导的重要进展,对影响花药和小孢子培养的材料、预处理、培养基种类、离体雄核发育的细胞学标记及过程,以及单倍体诱导技术在辣椒杂交育种中的应用进行了综述。     

Mapping quantitative trait loci for growth responses to exogenously applied stress induced hormones in wheat

Biotic and abiotic stresses are responsible for much of the variation in wheat production worldwide. The plant, in responding to stress events, increases the endogenous synthesis of hormones such as Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, Jasmonic Acid and Salicylic Acid. This paper was aimed at determining the location of plant-defence genes triggered by treatment with stress-induced hormones in a set of recombinant doubled haploid substitution lines involving variation for a single chromosome, 6A, previously shown to carry genes for aphid resistance. Eighty-three doubled haploid recombinant substitution (DHR) lines for chromosome 6A derived from the F₁ of “Chinese Spring” (CS) × “Chinese Spring (Synthetic 6A)” (S6A) substitution line, were used as a mapping population. Plants of every genotype at the fully expanded 3rd leaf stage were subjected to four hormone treatments: ethylene (E), jasmonic acid (J), salicylic acid (S) and abscisic acid (A), together with an untreated control. The changes in a range of phenotypic traits were measured, aerial fresh weight (AFWC), aerial dry weight (ADWC), root fresh weight (RFWC), root dry weight (RDWC), foliar area (FAC). These were recorded twice: at the onset of the experiment before spraying with hormones and 72 h later. Nine QTLs were detected which were significantly associated with 6A molecular markers, explaining the variation for ADWC, RDWC and FAC. Most of the QTLs were associated with the interval between loci Xgwm459 and Xgwm334a, located in the telomeric region of the short arm of 6A. The dissection of complex agronomic traits such as tolerance to stress and QTLs related to exogenous hormone treatments could be used in marker-assisted selection for breeding wheat with tolerance to stresses.     

利用矮败小麦诱导单倍体的初步研究

用化学药剂和远缘花粉处理矮败小麦筛选诱导单倍体的最佳处理组合.结果表明:单独用药剂或玉米花粉授粉诱导效果不理想,其中以0.5mg·L-12,4-D的最好,诱导率为12.7%-13.1%;油菜或玉米花粉授粉后24和48h再经10g·L-1二甲基亚砜(DMSO)+15mg·L-12,4-D处理,以及玉米花粉授粉后再经4mg·L-1BA+10g·L-1DMSO处理,诱导频率较高,达54.8%-77.0%,与其他处理的差异达极显著水平;玉米花粉授粉的诱导效果明显好于油菜花粉的;10g·L-1DMSO+15mg·L-12,4-D处理优于4mg·L-1BA+10g·L-1DMSO处理,两处理诱导率的差异达显著水平.     

抗生素在甘蓝类蔬菜小孢子胚胎发生中的双重作用

为克服甘蓝类蔬菜游离小孢子培养中的细菌污染,以1个青花菜纯合系和2个结球甘蓝纯合系为试验材料,研究培养基中分别添加2种抗生素——头孢噻胯和羧苄青霉素对小孢子培养中细菌污染、胚胎发生和胚植株再生的影响。结果表明,2种抗生素的添加(25、50、100、200 mg·L~(-1))能够显著降低小孢子培养中的细菌污染;50 mg·L~(-1)头孢噻胯和羧苄青霉素的添加显著促进了结球甘蓝、青花菜胚胎发生和植株再生频率;抗生素处理高于50 mg·L~(-1)时,小孢子死亡率升高,同时小孢子的发育受到抑制。本研究报道了抗生素在小孢子培养中的双重作用,尤其是对于胚胎发生的促进作用,这对加快单倍体育种进程具有重要意义。     

利用分子标记定位水稻芽期耐冷性基因

 利用籼稻品种南京11和粳稻品种巴利拉的F₁花药进行组织培养,获得67个加倍单倍体植株(Doubled haploid, DH)。 以该群体构建了一张包含131个RFLP标记的水稻分子图谱。 以芽期的死苗率为指标, 评定亲本及各 DH系在低温(4～5℃)条件下的耐冷性。结果表明：死苗率在DH群体中呈双峰连续分布, 表明芽期耐冷性是由主基因控制的数量性状。将死苗率作为数量性状进行QTL的区间作图分析, 发现在第7染色体上G379b-RG4区间存在有与耐冷性有关的基因(Cts7) 。