Effects of Temperature and Several Chemicals on Metabolic Changes During Dormancy Release in NJ72 Nectarine

Poor, delayed and ununiform budbreak is a major problem for peaches in greenhouse. To clari-fy the mechanism of breaking bud dormancy in nectarines, the effect of temperature and three dormancy-breaking agents on metabolic changes during dormancy release in two-year old NJ72 nectarine (Prunus persicaL. Batch) was investigated. The result showed temperature and chemicals affected the budbreak and the me-tabolism of NJ72 nectarine during dormancy. Endogeneons peroxide content in buds increased soon after lowtemperature treatment. Meanwhile, catalase activity was also shown to increase significantly at low temperature treatment, coincided with increase of the activity of peroxidase and superoxide dismntase. The rate of res-piration in flower buds increased at low temperature during dormancy. The rate of the pentose phosphate path-way increased, while the rate of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway decreased and the rate of triearboxlic acid cycle changed little. Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity increased at low temperature during dormancy.At the same time we found an accumulation of peroxide after treatment with dormancy-breaking chemicals. Inflower buds treated with dormancy-breaking agents, thiourca, KNO3 and NH4 NO3, catalase activity was in-hibited soon after treatment, whereas peroxidase activity increased, and the changes of superoxide dismutaseremained little. In this study, it was found that the rates of respiration in flower buds increased by chemicalssprays during dormancy. The activity of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase, the key enzyme in the pentosephosphate pathway (PPP), increased by spraying with dormancy-breaking agents, concomitantly with the ac-tivatlon of the pentose phosphate pathway.     

玉米DH系第一代种子休眠性的遗传

以PH12TB×通D1279、PHB1M×通D1279、通A6×通D1279、826F×通D1279 4份杂交材料诱导单倍体自然加倍自交结实的DH系第一代种子为研究对象,对其出苗时间进行连续52d的调查,应用主基因+多基因DH群体遗传模型及混合分布方法,对种子休眠性进行研究。结果表明:在都能够出苗的这一区段,种子休眠性强弱是由4对主基因决定,具有加性和上位性效应,主基因遗传力为99.12%~99.50%。     

低温解除休眠过程中兰州百合中部鳞片物质变化的生理机制

 以兰州百合为试材，研究了2℃、6℃、10℃条件下保湿贮藏101 d内兰州百合中部鳞片中碳水化合物、酚类物质、游离氨基酸以及内源激素的变化对解除休眠的影响。结果表明，随着处理温度降低和处理时间延长，淀粉明显降解、ABA含量显著下降，可溶性糖、酚类物质、内源GA3、IAA含量急剧增加。低温处理初期的34 d是上述物质变化最活跃的时期。相关分析表明，淀粉酶和PAL活性升高是分别导致可溶性糖和酚类物质含量增加的因素。低温贮藏期间，游离氨基酸总量呈下降趋势，其中精氨酸含量最高、变化最大。根据逐步回归分析和通径分析的结果初步判定鳞片内碳水化合物、酚类物质和游离氨基酸等物质变化主要受内源GA3的调控。     

防风种子的休眠机制

比较了防风完整种子与种仁的发芽率和吸水率,测定了防风种子粗提液对白菜、小麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制活性;运用原位试验方法探讨了防风种子萌发与内源抑制物质之间的关系。结果表明：防风种子休眠与种皮关系不大,种子中存在的内源抑制物质是造成防风种子发芽率低、出苗缓慢的主要原因。     

Predispersal seed predation in Acacia macrostachya,its impact on seed viability,and germination responses to scarification and dry heat treatments

Predispersal seed predation among individual Acacia macrostachya trees over two sites in Burkina Faso was assessed. In addition, the effects of seed predation on seed viability; germination responses to scarification (mechanical, hot water at 60, 70 and 80°C, and sulphuric acid for 10, 20 and 30 min) and dry heat (at 60, 70 and 80°C for 15, 30 and 60 min each) treatments were investigated under laboratory conditions. The results indicated a large difference in predation intensity among individual trees, as well as between sites. Predispersal predation significantly decreased seed germination, particularly when the number of insect larvae per seed increased. Scarified and unscarified seeds germinated equally well, except for hot water treatments of high temperature. This indicates lack of physical dormancy and dispersed seeds can readily germinate provided that conditions for germination are conducive. Seeds exposed to dry heat treatments also germinated close to 97% under low intensity and short exposure times. This suggests that fire, under natural condition, plays a key role in triggering germination of A. macrostachya seeds.     

Development of Rice “Seed-Mats” Consisting of Hardened Seeds with a Cover of Soil for the Rice Transplanter

Conventional seedling mats for rice transplanters in Japan are heavy to carry, and much labor is required to collect, wash and store the nursery boxes. In addition, seeding time overlaps with the labor peak in spring. To reduce such labor, we developed a “seed-mat” consisting of hardened rice seeds (Oryza sativa L.) glued onto a molded rice-hull mat with a cover of soil glued on. Seed hardening, which is done by soaking seeds in water at 15ºC for 5 d followed by drying, and heating of the seeds at 50ºC for 5 or 7 d, reduced the time to 50% germination (T₅₀). In dormant seeds, the heating before the hardening enhanced the effect of the hardening more than the heating after the hardening. Seed hardening increased the dry weight of the shoots from the seed-mats. Covering the mat with soil also increased the percentage of seedling emergence, shoot length, number of leaves and shoot dry weight of the seed-mats. The hardened seeds maintained short T₅₀ and 95% or higher germination for 120 d at room temperature. In the seed-mat, the hardened seeds maintained 95% or higher seedling emergence for 208 d. In conclusion, superior seed-mats could be produced using the procedure involving both seed hardening and cover of soil. The seed-mats can be prepared in winter and stored until seedling-raising period in spring. By the seed-mats, seedling mats can be prepared for the rice transplanter without using nursery boxes, which take up storage space and require much labor.     

蔷薇科果树种子休眠特性及化学处理方法的研究进展

蔷薇科果树种子具有特有的休眠特性,种子在常规条件下萌发较困难,为通过杂交选育优良品种带来了很大局限性。本文较系统地综述了蔷薇科果树种子的结构特点、生理休眠和种皮因素限制种子萌发的特性,并重点阐述了利用化学药剂处理提高不同亚科种子萌发率的研究进展,旨在揭示其在种子萌发处理技术探究方面的共性和差异,为今后蔷薇科种子高效萌发技术研发提供线索依据。     

野蔷薇种子快速催芽技术研究

[目的]为了解决野蔷薇种子休眠期长、发芽不整齐、育苗困难等技术难题。[方法]以野蔷薇为试验材料,研究冷藏时间、激素处理、基质选择等因素对野蔷薇种子发芽的影响。[结果]结果表明,影响野蔷薇种子萌发的主要因素是冷藏时间;0．10和0．15mg／L赤霉素（GA3）处理10d,种子发芽率均达到70％以上;选用干净河沙作基质催芽效果优于其它材料。     

温度对甜樱桃花芽酚类物质含量和相关酶活性及休眠的影响

以7年生甜樱桃红灯(PrunusaviumL.cv.Hongdeng)带有花芽的离体枝条为试材,研究了不同温度对红灯花芽酚类物质含量、相关酶活性及萌芽率的影响。结果表明,不同温度处理对酚类物质含量影响效果不同,自然休眠前期低温(5℃)减缓了酚类物质的积累,中期提前达到其高峰并进入下降阶段,后期加速其降低;高温(20℃)则效果相反,变温(5℃/20℃)的效果不明显。自然休眠的不同时期,不同的温度处理对PAL和PPO活性的影响效果也不相同,低温(5℃)在休眠前期抑制PAL活性的增长而提高了PPO活性,中期使PAL活性迅速降低的同时却加速了PPO活性的升高;后期降低了PAL活性,提高了PPO活性。高温(20℃)的作用效果与低温(5℃)相反。变温(5℃/20℃)对PAL和PPO活性的影响效果不明显。低温(5℃)在自然休眠的3个阶段都能打破休眠促进萌发;高温(20℃)抑制了花芽的萌发;变温(5℃/20℃)对花芽的萌发影响不大。     

东方百合鳞茎长期冷藏期间形态和生理变化研究

以浙江省山地自繁的东方百合鳞茎'索蚌'(Sorbonne)为试材,探讨了5℃冷藏条件下鳞茎的芽伸长变化,以及贮藏性和代谢性养分的变化规律.结果表明:百合鳞茎内的新芽在冷藏过程中不断伸长,60 d后顶芽生长点距鳞茎端部的距离小于1 cm,继续冷藏1个月后新芽突破顶端.在贮藏的前2个月,淀粉含量明显下降,外层鳞片是3层中下降幅度最大的,后2个月淀粉含量趋于缓慢上升.可溶性总糖和蔗糖含量在贮藏的5个月时间里,均呈不断上升的趋势.中层鳞片的可溶性总糖含量增幅最大,达到了196.11%.