干旱沙区4种植物的光合日变化及其影响因子

【目的】研究沙地桑、罗布麻、沙木蓼和沙枣4种沙生植物光合生理指标的日变化规律及其影响因素,为干旱沙区防沙治沙植物材料的筛选提供依据。【方法】在新疆西北部精河县选择沙地桑、罗布麻、沙木蓼和沙枣的1年生幼苗为研究对象,利用CIRASⅡ光合测定仪,于10:00-20:00每隔2h测定1次光合生理指标和环境因子,分析植物的净光合速率(Pn)与其他光合生理指标及环境因子的关系。【结果】沙地桑和沙枣Pn日变化呈双峰曲线,沙木蓼和罗布麻呈单峰曲线,沙地桑和罗布麻Pn日最大值出现在12:00,分别为(26.23±2.46)和(17.37±2.44)μmol/(m2·s),沙木蓼和沙枣出现在10:00,分别为(31.07±1.97)和(23.17±1.07)μmol/(m2·s)。Pn与气孔导度(Gs)、瞬间光能利用效率(LUE)的相关性最大,呈极显著相关(P0.01),与蒸腾速率(Tr)相关性次之;大气温度(Ta)、叶片温度(TL)、水汽压亏缺值(VPD)等生态因子对4种植物Pn的影响较大。【结论】4种植物对高温和高光强沙生环境的适应能力依次为沙木蓼沙枣沙地桑罗布麻。     

区域农业经济结构的动态对比分析及优势产业的发展研究——以伊犁州三大区域为例

利用动态分辨系数,通过灰色关联分析对伊犁州三大区域的农业经济结构、农林牧渔业总产值结构、粮食产量以及肉类产量结构进行了初步的对比研究,分析了关联程度较高的影响因子,并通过相关时序模型进行预测分析,结果表明：新疆伊犁州三大地区非农产业所占的比重越来越大,目前已形成以农牧为主的产值结构,小麦、玉米为主的优势产业,以及牛肉、羊肉等为主的生产优势区。伊犁州三大区域应立足于各地区的资源和地域优势,因时制宜,充分发挥各地区优势非农产业以及优势牛羊畜牧业和优势粮食作物,提高优势产品的加工转化,延长产业链,发挥龙头企业的带动作用,进一步促进伊犁州三大地区农业以及农村经济的可持续发展。     

合肥市城市生态竞争力初步研究

以生态竞争力指标体系为研究对象,根据生态竞争力内涵、结构体系以及城市生态竞争力的特点,借鉴国内外相关研究成果,遵循生态竞争力指标体系构建的原则,创建城市生态竞争力指标体系。根据城市生态竞争力指标体系从环境、资源、经济、社会4个方面,对合肥市生态竞争力各项指标进行探讨。     

后现代旅游理念下的生态文明观管窥

建设性后现代主义与生态文明理念之间存在着相互依存、相互促进的耦合关系。后现代旅游是建设性后现代主义和旅游业的有机结合,其中渗透着深厚的生态伦理意识、生态审美意识、生态价值意识和生态责任意识。充分认识后现代旅游的生态哲学理论对我国现代旅游发展具有重要启示,它昭示着旅游业必须坚持可持续发展观,走生态旅游之路;发展“稳态经济”,实现旅游经济“生态化”;挖掘传统文化精髓,弘扬生态旅游文化;提倡人与自然和谐共生,深入推进生态责任教育。     

宁夏生态移民可持续生计问题研究

依据可持续生计分析框架,利用宁夏已搬迁生态移民的实地调查数据,对移民农户的生计资本现状进行研究。结果表明：生态移民存在物质资本积累缺乏、人力资本薄弱、金融资本不足等问题。为了促进移民可持续生计的获得和发展,提出增加移民的物质资本和金融资本,重点着眼于以人力资本为主线的可持续发展能力培育的对策建议。     

不同生态恢复措施下宁南典型草原小气候变化及其与土壤水分的关系

为了探讨不同生态恢复措施对宁南典型草原小气候的影响以及小气候与土壤水分的关系,通过野外测定,研究了水平沟、鱼鳞坑和封育3种恢复措施下地上20 cm气温、空气湿度、风速及地温的变化特征及其与地表水分的关系,发现地上20 cm处气温和0~20 cm土壤含水率为水平沟>鱼鳞坑>封育草地,风速则相反;地上20 cm处湿度、0~15 cm土壤温度为封育草地>水平沟>鱼鳞坑;土壤0~20 cm含水率与地上20 cm处的风速负相关,与空气相对湿度正相关。     

New invasive predator reduces the abundance of native prey in a cold-temperate marine fouling community

1. Invasive species threaten the conservation of marine environments, and urgent management strategies are needed to prevent their introduction, establishment and spread. Specifically, marine invasive predators destabilize ecological interactions and alter community structure and function. However, most of the evidence showing the effect of these predators is restricted to a few species and regions, while for others the information remains scarce.
2. This study experimentally evaluated the ecological effects of the sea slug Pleurobranchaea maculata, a recently introduced invasive predator, on the fouling communities of a cold-temperate port in the South-western Atlantic.
3. The results show that increasing predation pressure reduces significantly the abundance of sea anemones, which are among the preferred prey items.
4. This study reveals new evidence to help better understand the effects of P. maculata on the biological communities of a recently invaded region. Furthermore, it provides the first experimental evidence supporting the hypothesis that marine invasive predators can induce a significant decrease in the abundance of native species in benthic communities of cold-temperate marine environments in the South-western Atlantic.

     

Using ecological trajectories to track long-term taxonomic and functional changes in benthic shallow soft-bottom communities (Bay of Saint-Brieuc,English Channel)

1. Taxonomic and functional trajectories of benthic assemblages were studied in shallow soft-bottom sediments in the bay of Saint-Brieuc (Western English Channel). Changes were assessed at different spatial and temporal scales using a macrobenthic dataset based on 38 stations sampled in 1987 and 2019, coupled with data from one station sampled annually between 2005 and 2019 as part of the European Water Framework Directive monitoring programme.
2. Taxonomic trajectories indicated 1) changes in the structure and distribution of benthic assemblages, 2) an homogenization of the assemblages, and 3) significant functional shifts.
3. Fishing activities and nutrient enrichment are probably strong drivers of the observed changes, as suggested by the higher mortality rate of fragile, flexible, tubiculous and burrowing species, and the increase in the abundance of opportunistic species in the assemblages. Certain populations of macroinvertebrates seem jointly controlled by climate change and by the aforementioned local factors of disturbance.
4. The Community Trajectory Analysis framework appears as a new and interesting method to track ecological changes in marine ecosystems by measuring change with respect to a baseline state, to help define ecological recovery (station returning to the initial ecological state) and departure (station presenting increased changes over time), and to analyse trajectory similarity.
5. According to the degradation of habitat over time, we identify the need for the implementation of knowledge-based conservation strategies, especially within Natura 2000 sites.

     

Ecosystem‐based fisheries management: A perspective on the critique and development of the concept

The concept of ecosystem‐based fisheries management (EBFM) has been subjected to debate since it was introduced in the late 1990s. The development of the concept seems to follow two separate but simultaneous trajectories of increased popularity but also sustained critique. This paper offers an analysis of potential mechanisms behind these disparate trajectories by drawing on a theoretical framework from science and technology studies (STS) centred around "black box" and actor‐network theory. To support our analysis, we perform an exploratory literature review of how the EBFM concept has been used in a selection of high impact fisheries research papers. We find that the popularity of EBFM does not guarantee its integrity, usefulness or analytical insight, but also that persistent critique of how the concept is used seems to be driving some change. We think that a continued trajectory of increased understanding, contextualization and discernibility of EBFM can help overcome the considerable ambiguity associated with the concept and make it increasingly useful to fisheries management. This means moving away from routine use of the term towards a practicable and tangible approach to improve fisheries sustainability.     

The science and application of ecological monitoring

We provide a broad overview of the underlying philosophy of ecological monitoring. We argue that the major characteristics of effective monitoring programs typically include: (1) Good questions. (2) A conceptual model of an ecosystem or population. (3) Strong partnerships between scientists, policy-makers and managers. (4) Frequent use of data collected.We classify monitoring programs into three categories - (1) Passive monitoring, which is devoid of specified questions or underlying study design and has limited rationale other than curiosity. (2) Mandated monitoring where environmental data are gathered as a stipulated requirement of government legislation or a political directive. The focus is usually to identify trends. (3) Question-driven monitoring, which is guided by a conceptual model and by a rigorous design that will typically result in a priori predictions that can be tested.There are advantages and disadvantages of mandated monitoring programs, which are typically large-scaled, and generally smaller-scaled, question-driven monitoring programs. For example, while question-driven monitoring programs can provide insights into the ecological processes giving rise to emergent environmental patterns, spatial generalization from them is difficult because results may not extrapolate well to other regions, states or to a national level. Conversely, while mandated monitoring can be useful for producing coarse level summaries of temporal changes in a target population or resource condition they may not identify the mechanism influencing a change in an ecosystem or an entity. A key remaining challenge is to develop much improved mandated monitoring programs through more widespread adoption of the features of successful question-driven monitoring programs in efforts to enhance biodiversity conservation and environmental management.