甘肃河东旱作区不同强度日降水特征

利用1971~2007年甘肃河东旱作区分布较为均匀的13个气象站(兼有农业气象试验观测)共37年的逐日降水量资料,按照Bonsal边缘分布函数方法将日降水量划分为弱、较弱、中等、较强和强5个不同强度等级,从而分析了各强度等级的降水量和降水日数在旱作区的时空分布特征及变化趋势。结果表明:旱作区平均降水日数与降水量的分布不一致,平均年降水日数最多(少)的地方并不对应年降水量最大(小)的地方。各站不同强度等级的降水日数均表现为弱降水日数最多,强降水日数最少。弱降水日数的分布决定了平均总的降水日数的分布;而强降水日数的变化,对降水量的变化起到了决定性的作用。降水量的变化趋势较之降水日数的变化趋势要复杂得多,旱作区中各站降水日数变化趋势的一致性强,而降水量变化的区域性特征却比较明显。较之其它等级的降水,旱作区强降水的年际变化剧烈,各年强降水的日数和降水量都有很大的不确定性变化。     

The relative contributions of soil hydrophilicity and raindrop impact to soil aggregate breakdown for a series of textured soils

Soil aggregate breakdown is the first key factor that causes soil erosion. At present, research on the mechanisms of soil aggregate breakdown during rainfall is common. However, the research to on quantifying the relative contributions of internal and external forces to aggregate breakdown remains limited. This paper was conducted to analyse the relative contribution of internal and external forces to aggregate disintegration and the factors affecting aggregate stability during rainfall. Soil aggregates with a series of textures were selected as test soil samples; deionized water was employed as the soaking solution and rainfall material in static disintegration experiments and rainfall simulation tests. The effect of internal force (soil hydrophilicity) on aggregate disintegration was analysed by the static disintegration method, and the combined effects of internal force (soil hydrophilicity) and external force (raindrop impact) on soil aggregate breakdown were analysed by rainfall simulation experiments. The results indicated that external force caused more severe soil aggregate breakdown than internal force, and the crushed aggregate was mainly distributed in the range of 2–0.25 mm. With increasing rainfall kinetic energy, the degree of aggregate breakdown increased gradually, and the degree of aggregation of the soil particles decreased gradually. Furthermore, soil aggregates with a high clay content (> 30%) were more stable than medium-clay (20–30%) and low-clay (< 20%) soil aggregates, and the correlation coefficient provided a good representation of the relationship between the clay content and soil aggregate stability index (ASI). Therefore, external force contributed more to soil aggregate breakdown than internal force during rainfall, and clay plays an important role in aggregate stability. The results of this study are of great significance for elaborating the mechanism and factors affecting aggregate breakdown.     

1959—2018年内蒙古地区热量资源时空变化特征分析

气侯变暖显著改变了内蒙古地区的热量资源,了解该地区的热量资源变化可为作物生产及空间布局提供一定的研究基础。本文基于1959—2018年50个气象站点的逐日平均气温,采用五日滑动平均法探讨了内蒙古地区≥0℃和≥10℃初终日、持续天数以及积温的时空分布特征。结果表明：（1）内蒙古地区≥0℃和≥10℃平均初日分别为3月29日和5月5日,≥0℃和≥10℃初日呈提前趋势。≥0℃和≥10℃平均终日分别为10月28日和9月24日。（2）初日提前和终日推迟显著增加了内蒙古地区的积温和持续天数,积温和持续天数在空间分布上相似,东西部差异较大,其中≥0℃积温在1874~4433℃之间,≥10℃积温在1360~4024℃之间,≥0℃持续天数在168~246天之间,≥10℃持续天数在89~180天之间。≥0℃和≥10℃积温和持续天数呈增加趋势。（3）≥0℃和≥10℃初日与经纬度呈正相关关系,终日、积温和持续天数与经纬度成负相关关系。（4）初终日、持续天数以及积温突变日期主要集中在1991—1996年之间。     

仿刺参性腺酶解过程风味变化

生物酶解是提高水产品蛋白质利用率的有效手段，且酶解过程往往伴随肽类、氨基酸、小分子挥发性成分等的生成或反应，进而引起酶解液风味变化。仿刺参(Apostichopus japonicus)性腺富含蛋白质和多种功效成分，具有良好的开发利用前景。为探究仿刺参性腺酶解过程中蛋白质和风味的变化规律，采用中性蛋白酶对其进行酶解，对酶解过程中可溶性蛋白质、氨基酸态氮、游离氨基酸组成、挥发性成分的变化情况进行了检测分析。结果显示，仿刺参性腺匀浆液中可溶性蛋白质和氨基酸态氮的初始含量分别为1.14和0.15 g/100 g，可溶性蛋白质在酶解前30 min内迅速增加，之后基本保持不变，氨基酸态氮含量在前90 min内随时间延长而逐渐增加，90 min后略有下降，90 min时水解度最大，达43.66%。随着酶解时间的延长，酶解液的鲜味有所增强，腥味减弱，甜味和苦味也略有增强。酶解后游离氨基酸含量显著增加(P<0.05)，其中，呈鲜味的谷氨酸含量最高，其次为呈甜味的甘氨酸和丙氨酸。仿刺参性腺酶解过程气味发生明显变化，烃类种类和相对含量均明显增加，二甲基硫醚含量显著降低，这可能是酶解液腥味减弱的主要原因