新疆机采棉花实现叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件

随着机采棉的快速推进,籽棉含杂率过高导致清理工序过多及纤维不必要的损伤。新疆棉区棉花生长后期的热量资源有限,如何合理喷施脱叶催熟剂是改善原棉品质的关键技术措施。本研究采用分期喷施脱叶催熟剂的方式,探讨了温度变化对棉花叶片脱落率的影响及实现棉花叶片快速脱落需要的温度条件。结果表明,在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内,棉花叶片脱落率最高,达55%～79%,且与最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温呈显著的线性关系。若要在喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0)d内实现>55%的叶片脱落率,则应满足该时间段最高温度大于27.2°C、每日≥12°C有效积温大于7.0°C·日的要求。因此,喷施脱叶催熟剂后(7.0±1.0) d内是实现良好脱叶效果的关键时间段,期间的最高温度和每日≥12°C有效积温则是影响的关键因素。     

青海湖南部近57年大风日数的变化特征

为了更好地剖析青海湖南部大风日数的演变特征,笔者利用青海湖南部共和县气象局1961—2017 年的大风日数观测资料,采用线性倾向估计、M-K突变分析、滑动平均等方法,对大风日数的年代际、年际和季节变化趋势进行分析。结果表明：（1）自1961 年以来该地大风日数随年份的延长呈显著减少趋势,每10 年减少2.0 天;（2）共和地区春、夏、秋、冬四季大风日数均呈现出减少趋势,大风日数的减少幅度大小依次是：春季＞夏季＞秋季＞冬季,其中春季和夏季大风日数的减少趋势显著;（3）突变分析表明,春、夏、秋、冬四季大风日数未发生突变,年大风日数在1975 年发生了由多到少的突变。对于防灾减灾,合理利用气候资源,改善生态环境很有价值。     

Responses of glutamine synthetase activity and gene expression to nitrogen levels in winter wheat cultivars with different grain protein content

Glutamine synthetase (GS) plays a central role in plant nitrogen (N) metabolism, which improves crops grain protein content. A pot experiment in field condition was carried out to evaluate GS expression and activity, and grain protein content in high (Wanmai16) and low grain protein (Loumai24) wheat cultivars under two N levels (0.05 and 0.15 g N kg⁻¹ soil). High nitrogen (HN) resulted in significant increases in GS1 and GS2 expression at 10 days after anthesis (DAA), and higher GS activity during the entire grain filling stage. HN also significantly increased yield, grain protein content and protein fraction (except for glutenin of Luomai24) in two wheat cultivars, which indicated that it increased grain yield and protein content by improving nitrogen metabolism. Wanmai16 showed higher grain protein content, gliadin and glutenin content, and had higher expression level of GS2 both in flag leaves and grains at early grain filling stage. However, Luomai24 had greater yield and higher expression level of GS1. The difference expression of GS2 and GS1 genes indicates they had various contributions to the accumulation of protein and starch in wheat grains, respectively. The results suggest that GS2 would be serving as a potential breeding target for improving wheat quality.     

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy and waxy whole-wheat flour blends

Dough rheological properties and noodle-making performance of non-waxy whole-wheat flour (WWF) with partial- or full-waxy (PW- or FW-) WWF substitution were studied. The substitution levels were 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 g/kg, respectively. FW-WWF reduced the peak viscosity and pasting temperature of WWF blends as its substitution level was increased due to its higher proportions of B-type starch granules and short amylopectin chains, while PW-WWF increased peak viscosity with the increasing substitution level because of its higher amylopectin content. As demonstrated by farinograph and rheometer measurements, FW-WWF interfered with gluten development because of the increased competition for water by arabinoxylans and amylopectin; however, PW-WWF enhanced dough strength due primarily to its increased protein content. Consequently, FW-WWF showed a detrimental effect on cooked noodle texture as the cooked noodle hardness was reduced by 50% at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. In contrast, PW-WWF enhanced noodle integrity and elasticity by increasing cooked noodle cohesiveness and resilience by 10.1% and 14.8%, respectively, at the 1000 g/kg substitution level. The results suggest that with waxy WWF substitution, the changes in starch composition, arabinoxylans, and protein content could modify the interactions among flour components and influence the quality characteristics of noodle products.     

Polymerisation of gluten proteins in developing wheat grain as affected by desiccation

The breadmaking quality of wheat is affected by the composition of gluten proteins and the polymerisation of subunits that are synthesised and accumulated in developing wheat grain. The biological mechanisms and time course of these events during grain development are documented, but not widely confirmed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to monitor the accumulation of gluten protein subunits and the size distribution of protein aggregates during grain development. The effect of desiccation on the polymerisation of gluten proteins and the functional properties of gluten were also studied. The results showed that the size of glutenin polymers remained consistently low until yellow ripeness (YR), while it increased during grain desiccation after YR. Hence, this polymerisation process was presumed to be initiated by desiccation. A similar polymerisation event was also observed when premature grains were dried artificially. The composition of gluten proteins, the ratios of glutenin to gliadin and high molecular weight-glutenin subunits to low molecular weight-glutenin subunits, in premature grain after artificial desiccation showed close association with the size of glutenin polymers in artificially dried grain. Functional properties of gluten in these samples were also associated with polymer size after artificial desiccation.     

基于有效积温的中国水稻生长模型的构建

有效积温是指作物生长至某一生育阶段所需要积累的有效温度,是反映气象条件对作物生长影响的主要指标,研究有效积温对作物生长过程的影响对提高农业生产效率具有重要意义。该文以有效积温作为气象因子,收集中国气象数据网中的气象数据和已发表的学术论文中的水稻生长数据,建立了描述水稻生长过程的叶面积指数和干物质积累量的普适Logistic模型,并研究了水稻最大叶面积指数与最大干物质积累量、收获指数(作物经济产量与生物产量的比值)及降水量之间的关系。结果表明:有效积温为1000℃左右时,水稻叶面积指数最大,且此时干物质增长速率最大;水稻最大叶面积指数与最大干物质积累量之间表现为线性关系;最大叶面积指数和收获指数、降水量之间为二次抛物线关系,当降水量为670.5 mm时,最大叶面积指数为7.93,对应的水稻收获指数达到最大值0.50。该研究对于构建其他作物的生长模型具有一定的参考意义。     

河北省县域农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征

为剖析河北省县域农业绿色发展的主要问题及限制因素,本文以河北省135个县(区)为研究对象,围绕社会、经济、生产力、资源和生态环境5个维度,选取了26项农业绿色发展指标,基于专家意见和统计资料,参照农业绿色发展程度将入选指标从高到低划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ级,并定量分析了1996年和2016年河北省县域尺度的农业绿色发展指标时空变化特征。结果表明, 20年间河北省农业生产条件不断改善,农业机械化水平与农田灌溉水平均有不同程度的提升;农业经济效益大幅增长,单位面积农业产值与人均可支配收入分别增长了1.96倍和3.05倍;农业生产能力持续提升,表现为单位面积热量产量及植物蛋白产量持续上升,氮素利用效率有所回升;资源投入持续增加,表现为氮、磷、农药及农膜的使用强度不断增加;环境风险仍处于较高水平。从空间变化来看,河北省东北部和南部地区社会发展、经济和农业生产的农业绿色发展程度呈提高趋势;而资源和生态环境指标绿色发展程度总体表现为下降趋势,呈现出西北部和东南部地区高的特征。5类指标绿色发展程度等级处于Ⅰ级水平的县域数量占比较高,呈现明显的空间差异。河北省农业绿色发展的主要瓶颈问题来自资源短缺、环境污染和生态破坏,造成以上问题的原因是资源投入过高、种养结构改变和农牧分离严重,下一步需要提高资源利用效率,保持产地环境的清洁和生态系统的稳定,快速推进河北省县域的农业绿色发展。     

高取代度魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯的干法制备

[目的]研究高取代度魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯的干法制备,为其多糖衍生物实际应用于絮凝、离子交换等领域提供参考。[方法]以细化的魔芋粉为原料,以NaH2PO4和Na2HPO4混合物为磷酸酯化试剂,在干法条件下,制备魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯,并采用正交试验法优化魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯最佳工艺。[结果]正交试验结果袁明,影响魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯取代度因素次序依次为磷酸盐用量〉反应温度〉反应时间〉磷酸盐配比〉催化剂用量〉pH值。制备高取代度魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯的最佳工艺条件：磷酸盐用量为3．50％,反应温度为170℃,反应时间为4h,NaH2PO4和Na2HPO4摩尔比为1：2,催化剂用量为3．00％,pH值为4．00;魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯取代度达0．17。[结论]该方法获得较高取代度的魔芋葡甘聚糖磷酸酯可以应用于实际生产。     

山东省不同强度降水日数年际变化及趋势分布特征

采用山东省82个地面气象站1961～2005年日降水量资料,分析了降水量和不同强度降水日数的长期变化、突变特征及各地的气候趋势特征。结果表明,年降水量及中等强度以上雨日数的转折年大都出现在1976年前后,微量降水日数、0.1～4.9mm/d降水日数的转折年出现在1986年全球气候显著变暖背景下,其中暴雨、大暴雨日数在1989年也出现转折,增加趋势明显。在全球气候显著变暖背景下,中雨以上降水日数与1976～1986年相比都有不同程度的增加,强度越强的降水日数增加幅度越大,降水量的增加主要是由于强降水日数的增多引起的;年降水量、微量雨日数及小雨日数的线性负趋势区主要集中在山东高纬度地区,微量雨日数及小雨日数的负趋势区范围广,而中雨以上雨日数变化趋势大部分地区为正趋势,且趋势中心不固定。除鲁西南、鲁东南的气候变得更加湿润、暴雨洪涝灾害减少外,全省大部分地区干旱化趋势及洪涝灾害都有加重趋势。     

阜新暴雨日数与太阳黑子活动周期关系研究

对太阳黑子活动周期与1951～2005年阜新暴雨日数进行了分析研究。结果发现,各太阳黑子谷值周期黑子相对数与各周期内暴雨日数相关显著,相关系数达-0.842;同时,太阳黑子谷值周期内某年的阜新暴雨日数与该年的太阳黑子数相关系数达-0.737。说明阜新暴雨日数与太阳活动有着密切的相关。这一结论将为研究暴雨发生规律及暴雨的预测、预报、农业旱涝规律提供有利的气候背景和依据。